The Most Common Types of Leukemia in Adults Essay -- health, diseases

In the United States, there was an estimated 310,046 people are living with or are in remission from Leukemia fit to statistics gathered in 2013. Incidence rates for all types of leukemia developing in males are higher than in females males are expected to account for approximately 57 percent of the new cases of leukemia. In all races or ethnicities, it is the tenth most frequently occurring type of cancer. However, incidence is highest among non-Hispanic whites, (13,600) while incidence is lowest among Asian and peaceable Islander populations (7,400) and American Indian and Alaska Native populations (7,300). In 2013, leukemia was diagnosed in approximately twelve times as many adults (43,749) as children and adolescents younger than 15 days (3,605). The median age at diagnosis is sixty-six years old and the median for death caused by the disease is seventy-five years old. The most putting surface types of leukemia in adults are Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (ACL). The most common type of leukemia in children and adolescents younger than 20 years is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). In 2010, ALL was accountable for 74 percent of the new leukemia cases in children and adolescents younger than 20 years. Most cases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) occur in adults. In 2010, CML was accountable for about 3.3 percent of new cases of leukemia in children and adolescents younger than twenty years. Almost two percent of all cases of CML are in adolescents, ages 15 to 19 years. there was a notable improvement in survival from 1975 to 2008. Divided into five year periods, there was only a 34% survival rate from 1975 to 1977 unless the survival rate rose to 58% from 2002 to 2008, the difference being statistical... ...Finke, J., Rocha, V. (2012). Bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, an Acute Leukaemia Working Party analysis in 2262 patients . Journal of Internal Medicine, 272, 47283. doi10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02547.xSiegel, R., Naishadham, D., & Jemal, A. (2013). crab louse Statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin, 63, 1130. doi10.3322/caac.21166.Wang, J. C. Y., & Dick, J. E. (2005). Cancer stem cells lessons from leukemia. Trends in Cell Biology, 15, 494501. doi10.1016/j.tcb.2005.07.004Weber, C. (2013). Leukaemia how can stem cells help? EuroStemCell. Retrieved February 14, 2014, from http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/leukaemia-how-can-stem-cells-helpWu, L. (2012). Leukemias. Medscape. Retrieved February 14, 2014, from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1201870-overview

Alcoholism :: essays research papers

Alcohol is the intoxicating part of beer, wine and liquors-the part that causes drunkenness. It is formed during fermentation, the process that creates the alcohlolicbeverage. When sugars from the fruits or grains are combined with yeast and water, alcohol results. Alcohol is a drug and, like all drugs, it has an effect on a persons body and mind. Because tipsinessing alcoholic beverages makes some people feel more alive and more outgoing, alcohol is some sentences seen as a stimulant. But in fact it is a depressant, and slows down the central nervous system, of which the brain is a part. Small amounts of alcohol can affect a persons coordination and judgment. Drinking a large amount of alcohol at one time can even cause death. Alcohol is estimated to be contributing factor in 20-30% of all accidents. In fatal car accidents involving young men later on 10pm it is a contributory factor in 60% of these cases. About 30% of all drowning are estimated to be alcohol related. This propor tion may rise to 50% between the ages 20-30. Alcohol is also a poisonous. It must be broken down and removed from the body. However, it leaves behind toxins, or poisons, that can cause health problems and stand to serious diseases. Beer contains the least amount of alcohol, slightly 3-6%. Wine is 8-14 pct alcohol. Distilled spirits have a much higher alcoholic content. The alcoholic content of gin, scotch, vodka, whiskey, rum, and bourbon is about 40%. When alcohol enters the body this is what happens. Within 20 minutes of entering the stomach, as much as 20% of the alcohol in a drink is absorbed into the bloodstream. The rest remains in the stomach where it stimulates the secretion of stomachal juices. Large amounts of alcohol entering an empty stomach can irritate the gastric lining and cause the stomach to become inflamed. From the stomach, the alcohol passes into the small intestine. Here the rest of it is absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. From the bl oodstream, about 5 percent of alcohol leave the body unchanged through urine, sweat, or exhaled breath. Next the alcohol travels via the bloodstream to the heart. Small amounts of alcohol produce a slight sum up in heart rate and blood pressure. Larger amounts reduce pumping power of the heart and can cause an irregular heartbeat. The heart then pumps the alcohol through the blood vessels to other parts of the body, including the brain.

The Battle of France Essay -- The Fall of France, Nazi Invasion of 194

1. Introduction2. History3. Planning/Preparation4. Execution/Action5. Lessons Learned6. whole works CitedIntroductionIn the spring of 1940 Europe was enveloped in war. The German military machine had already conquered Poland, Denmark, and Norway. However, not content with northern and eastern expansion, Adolf Hitler wanted to fake the western countries in Europe. Hitler had long been obsessed with attacking and controlling France. After their defeat in World war I, the German people, government, and military were humiliated by the enormous post war sanctions leveraged against them from the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler wanted to defeat and humiliate the French people in the same way that his country had to experience. For him, r razege was necessary. The German plan was to swing into France using a new tactic know as Blitzkrieg or Lightning War. Blitzkrieg used speed and confusion along with highly concentrated tank corps, supported by mechanized infantry and airplanes. W arfare was in a state of transition. Older commanders and generals in the French and British militaries were very cavalry and infantry focused. These commanders believed that cavalry, infantry, and artillery would assure victory in any circumstance, against any foe. They clung to the static tactics of the bygone World War I era. World War I had been fought primarily on French soil, and the military as well as the government never wanted that to break again, therefore they wanted to reinforce their main border against any future German. Little did they know that only twenty two years later they would be bested by German forces in a way that would shock the world. This research will be analyzing many important assumptions, oversights,... ... many French commanders not even knowing where their own subordinate units were located.11 The French placed their defense in old, outdated tactics of static warfare. Gone were the days of two sides slugging it out against wide-awake rei nforced defense structures. Closely integrating concentrated armor, infantry, and closely supported by aviation assets all combined to crush France in a national of only six weeks. France was simply not prepared for this new age of warfare. Works CitedHorne, Alistair. To Lose a Battle France 1940. New York Penguin, 1990.Jackson, Julian. The Fall of France The Nazi assault of 1940. New York Oxford University Press, 2003.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Holocaust. Holocaust Encyclopedia, last modified June 10, 2013, http//www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005425.

Descartes Failure Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Descartes Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified asylum for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the being of God. I leave behind focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has even off out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation and inference, which make up what he calls sensation, and then consider the consequences of this failure to follow his method. Second, I will show that in his treatment of thinking Descartes fails to distinguish between active and passive thinking. Although he succeeds in showing that he is aware of thinking (and therefore at least a passive thinker), from which it follows that he exists, it is possible that Descartes1 is no more than a passive thinker. I claim that Descartes successfully shows that he exists, that there is thinking going on, and that thereby there exists a thinking thing, scarcely Descartes thinking may only be a passive awareness of thinking he may be separate from the active thinker required by the particular that there is thinking-going-on.2 I will argue that if this is the case, then Descartes doesnt have free will. Without free will, Descartes can no longer prove the existence of God. As the foundation upon which he re-establishes his knowledge of the world depends on free will then, if my claim is true, Descartes does not succeed in finding a solid foundation for empirical knowledge, nor does he succeed in his secondary goal of proving the existence of God. I. Pure Sensation and Inference ... ...ur being active thinkers can be doubted, but only from a third person perspective, for doubting, itself presupposes active thinking. I have chosen to be charitable to Descartes, and allow him those acts, such as doubting , that could legitimately be performed from a third person perspective, so as to avoid undermining his entire account.21 Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p9322 ibid. p9223 Putnam, p724 This sounds a lot worry Berkeleys suggestion that objects in the physical world continue to exist although we are not perceiving them because they are being perceived by God.25 I will not discuss this claim further here, due to the length of this paper.26 Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p7927 ibid. p80

America Needs Random Drug Testing in Schools Essay -- Essays on Drug T

Ron Rodriguez from County Academy used medicates every day to function. He became so wrapped up in his lifestyle of buying and selling medicates that he felt like a prisoner. His grades dropped below average. For 2 years, he asked for help saying, Should I go see a therapist? to anyone that would listen. Ron would flush his system out before the one-year drug test, and pass. When County Academy decided to give random drug test instead of annual tests, Ron received the help he needed. The school counseled him, in privacy, and told him he needed to go to rehab. Ron received the help he needed because County Academy found a student whose life was being taken over by drugs and helped influence him to get the proper help he needed. Today, Ron attends County Academy as a minor(postnominal) he is drug free. This story serves as a great example of how drug testing helps keep students away from using drugs. Drug testing students terminate help prevent the use of a mind altering substance. Testing capabilityly offers guidance for logical decisions to be made. A school having random drug tests could help lessen drug use and offer help to those feeling controlled by substance addiction. Drug testing in schools are a potential way of enabling better brain development. Testing can teach a student about becoming employed, for most jobs require a drug test for pre-employment and future employment. Drug test teach students to be accountable for their own actions. Non-prescribed drugs are currently illegal for children and adults to use for personal satisfaction, such as achieving a euphoric state of mind or selling for profit. Drug testing in schools is a positive reinforcement on students.Testing for drugs among a student body can help prevent drug use. Pro... ... from poor efforts exerted in the classroom. Drug test are a positive reinforcement in helping students. Helping students find their full potential are a schools main goal. If random drug test would h ave been applied sooner at County Academy, Ron probably would have not had to suffer through drug addiction. If students would understand those drug tests are actually there to help them, they wouldnt fear winning a drug test. Drug test are a positive reinforcement.Works CitedWalters, John P. Student Drug Testing Is Necessary. Opposing Viewpoints Privacy. Ed. Jamuna Carroll. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints imagination Center. Gale. University of West Alabama. 16 Mar. 2010 .

America Needs Random Drug Testing in Schools Essay -- Essays on Drug T

Ron Rodriguez from County Academy used do dosess every day to function. He became so wrapped up in his life-timestyle of purchasing and selling drugs that he felt like a prisoner. His grades dropped below average. For 2 years, he asked for assistance saying, Should I go see a therapist? to anyone that would listen. Ron would boot his system out before the annual drug test, and pass. When County Academy decided to give random drug test instead of annual tests, Ron received the help he needed. The school counseled him, in privacy, and told him he needed to go to rehab. Ron received the help he needed because County Academy found a student whose life was being taken over by drugs and helped influence him to get the proper help he needed. Today, Ron attends County Academy as a junior he is drug free. This story serves as a great example of how drug testing helps keep students away from using drugs. Drug testing students can help prohibit the use of a mind altering substan ce. Testing potentially offers guidance for logical decisions to be made. A school having random drug tests could help change magnitude drug use and offer help to those feeling controlled by substance addiction. Drug testing in schools are a potential way of alter better brain development. Testing can teach a student about becoming employed, for most jobs require a drug test for pre-employment and upcoming employment. Drug test teach students to be accountable for their own actions. Non-prescribed drugs are currently illegal for children and adults to use for personal satisfaction, such as achieving a happy state of mind or selling for profit. Drug testing in schools is a positive reinforcement on students.Testing for drugs among a student corpse can help prevent drug use. Pro... ... from poor efforts exerted in the classroom. Drug test are a positive reinforcement in helping students. dower students find their full potential are a schools main goal. If random drug test would charter been applied sooner at County Academy, Ron probably would have not had to suffer through drug addiction. If students would understand those drug tests are actually there to help them, they wouldnt fear taking a drug test. Drug test are a positive reinforcement.Works CitedWalters, John P. Student Drug Testing Is Necessary. Opposing Viewpoints Privacy. Ed. Jamuna Carroll. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. University of West Alabama. 16 Mar. 2010 .

Existentialism in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgeralds fiction presents not only the magic of the Jazz Age but likewise its immorality, materialism, and degradation of the benignant spirit. While Fitzgerald was probably not trying to specifically present existentialism in his consummations, Finkelstein describes Fitzgeralds work as having an existential theme F. Scott Fitzgerald was of this milieu, and at the same epoch critically detached from it. He expressed its hard-boiled, disillusioned attitude through the deliberate use of alienated imagery (171).He manages to present the existential theme of dis restoreion along with other existential issues the characters in his fiction characterize the existential imaginations of the absurdity of smell, the absolute freedom of prime(prenominal), and living with the consequence of ones choices. In Babylon Revisited, the freedom of choice leads the characters to exploit wealth and freedom and, eventually, to regret past times actions and try to make up for the abuse of this freedom. In Babylon Revisited the reader can see the absurdity of spirit through the rise, fall and rebuilding of Charlie Wales.He chooses to drink and spend all his money. He loses every thing in the stock market crash but attempts to rebuild his sprightliness. Charlie is distraught oer the tragic loss of his wife but realizes that he must suffer the consequences of his prior actions.Regaining custody of his young woman Honoria serves as a symbol that Charlie has recouped control of his vivification. This base presents the ideas of existentialism as they apply to Babylon Revisited. The greatest tenet of existentialism in Babylon Revisited is that life is absurd because there is no true importee.Individuals must create meaning therefore they are constantly searching for themselves. Charlie Wales was searching for his true meaning and made some choices that led to bad consequences. The ultimate absurdity in this layer is that Charlie makes the right decision to turn hi s life around, but because he must live with his consequences, he fails to regain custody of his daughter. Although Charlie believes he has moved beyond his foregoing profligate behavior, his sister-in law does not, and she makes the decision to keep his daughter from him.The most absurd part is that Charlie is better suited todayadays to engender care of his daughter but Marion manages to remain in control of the situation. He works hard to build his life digest up but one happening (that reflects his past life) turns everything elevation d bear.Charlie Wales made some choices that led to bad consequences. The ultimate absurdity in this story is that even though Charlie has made the right decision to turn his life around, he must live with the consequences of his previous decisions and fails to regain custody of his daughter.The absurdity here deals with the fact that Charlies experiences run contrary to expectations. If he has indeed changed his life, he should be rewarded for his redemption unfortunately, he is not. He works hard to build his life back up but one incident (that reflects his past life) turns everything upside down.Although Charlie is now strong, his sister-in-law Marion is not, and she makes the decision to keep his daughter from him. Charlie may be better suited now to take care of his daughter, but Marion manages to remain in control of the situation.Charlie makes the choice to go back to the bar where he had spent much time in the past, and he makes the absurdly innocuous choice to give the bartender the Peters address, which leads to the incident of Duncan and Lorraines visit to the Peters apart workforcet that destroys the entire effort to rent his daughter back.The reader, therefore, can never truly hit the hay how prominent of a role Charlie plays in his own downfall. He lives, as we all do, in an absurd cosmos and this absurdity magnifies the impact of even the smallest decision. The existential idea of free go forth is im portant in Babylon Revisited. Sartre postulates a concept of being-in-itself that corresponds to one pheno manpoweral world, and it does not lie within the power of the individual to choose it. Individuals exist by virtue of personal choice. He believes there is no universal a priori structure of consciousness, no common human nature, no native set of desires shared by all men that dispose us to project one kind of values to the exclusion of others or to give being-in-itself one kind of meaning rather than another (Olson 133). individually individual is absolutely free.Charlie Wales exercised his free entrust prior to Helens death in a series of wasteful actions that Fitzgerald presents as having a connection to the biblical idea of Babylon. The writings of the Fathers of the Church describe Babylon as the ancient center of luxury and wickedness (Baker 270).Fitzgerald develops the Babylon motif by presenting Charlies actions as catering to ill-doing and waste (215). Here, Fitzge ralds work can be seen as assimilating Nietzsches idea that God is dead and each individual must be the god of himself in a world with bug out a God (Lavine 325).Since the existentialist mentality has as its basis the concept that an individual is free to make choices for the life he or she lives, he or she is absolutely responsible for the world in which he or she lives. The concept of being-in-itself did not cause Charlie to choose this life.If, therefore, he made a bad choice, he cannot hold anyone else responsible. Not until after the stock market crash does Charlie realize the consequences of his actions and feel the guilt of those consequences. He realizes that, like all individuals, he is responsible for everything he does (Toor 157).Charlie is held responsible for his actions in that he loses both his wife and daughter. He cannot reclaim his daughter until he accepts the consequences of his past. Charlie Wales pays the penance for his choice to drink and live the life of Bab ylon (Eble 42).He realizes that he must pay the price It money had been given, even the most wildly squandered sum, as an offering to destiny that he might not remember the things most worth remembering, the things that now he would always remember his child taken from his control, his wife escaped to a grave in Vermont (Fitzgerald 216).For Charlie, the suddenness of the Depression creates a sense of dislocation, a feeling that he is living in two worlds at once. He is committed to the idea of recovery and the new way of life he has created, but he still clings partially to many of the habits he formed during the boom (Way 91).Charlie Wales makes the existential choice to live the Babylonian concept of vice and waste. He now, however, feels the stress of his actions, and he makes the choice to try to reconcile his former failings. The recovery is the important change that Charlie makes.His main purpose is to regain custody of Honoria. Charlie feels as if he has paid the price for his past choices and has sufficiently acquire enough to look after Honoria himself. He tells Marion and Lincoln that he is anxious to have a home and anxious to have Honoria in it.He states that things have changed radically with him (Fitzgerald 220). The memory of Helen drives Charlie to work hard and make himself a better person. He is working to frig around Honoria not only for his own sake, but for the sake of his dead wife.Fitzgerald is showing the sort of strength in Charlie that the reader does not see in Marion. Charlie has knowing to control his drinking. When Marion finds out he had been in a bar before coming to her apartment, she chides him. He responds, I take one drink every afternoon and Ive had that (213).He is trying to prove that he can control his drinking habits. He has one drink to enjoy the idea and taste of alcohol but will not allow himself to drink in excess. This is his idea of control, I take that drink deliberately so that the idea of alcohol wont get too big in my imagination (Fitzgerald 221).He knows it will be difficult to persuade Marion to let Honoria go, but he is confident that if he accepts her recriminations patiently and convinces her of his newly acquired steadiness of character, he will ultimately be successful. Another element of Charlies recovery that Fitzgerald addresses is his renewed relationship with his daughter.Fitzgerald makes it obvious in the beginning of the novel that Honoria was not the first thing on the mind of her parents during their Babylon days. When the barman asks why he is in town and Charlie responds that he is in Paris to see his daughter, the barman replies questioningly, Oh-hYou have a piffling girl? (211). Someone who knew Charlie fairly well during his drinking days did not even know that he had a daughter. Fitzgerald contrasts this idea of having no relationship with his daughter by showing with tenderness and affection the scenes in which Charlie tentatively establishes contact with H onoria.He buys her toys and takes her to the circus, creating once again the atmosphere of love between them. Although he may be buying the love of his daughter, Marion grudgingly admits that Charlie has earned the right to his child (Way 91). Fitzgerald also shows the intense love that the child has for her father.She wants to go with him to Prague and asks when she will get to be with him (217). Charlie has recovered to the point that he wants to be with his child and she wants to be with him. Ultimately, when Marion denies him the child, he again shows strength of character (Way 109).He remains lonely but self-confident, He would come back some day they couldnt make him pay forever (Fitzgerald 230). Sartre believes that there are moments of anguish when life loses its meaning when the objects that formerly drew our attention fade into obliviousness and the desires that had previously guided our conduct seem vain or petty (Olson 131).This creates an ugliness in the world to which people must react. These moments of anguish in Babylon Revisited go across when Charlies friends manage to show up at the most inopportune times Sudden ghosts out of the past Duncan Schaeffer, a friend from college.Lorraine Quarries one of a conclave who had helped them make months into days in the lavish times of three years ago (Fitzgerald 217). In a foreshadowing of the more crucial usurpation that Duncan and Lorraine will make later in the story, the first encounter with the duo is when they intrude on Charlies luncheon with Honoria.They invite him to come sit in the bar with them and also invite him to dinner. They cannot accept the change in Charlie. Their intrusion is an unwanted product of Charlies past, and they are outside forces that affect his life that he cannot control (Cooper 52). Later in the story, Lorraine invites him to dinner, reminding him of their drunken exploits. As a temptress, she has lost her charm for Charlie. He instead goes to meet with the Peters a nd his daughter (Baker 272). Just as Charlie has regained permission to take his child, the final, and most detrimental, intrusion occurs.Lorraine and Duncan crash the apartment, unmistakably drunk. They loudly and brutishly encourage him to join them for dinner. He tries feverishly to get them out of the apartment, but they are the reminders of his old life that Marion need to change her mind. Lorraine will not let Charlie forget about his mistakes, All right well go. But I remember once when you hammered on my accession at 4 a. m. I was enough of a sport to give you a drink (Fitzgerald 227). Charlie knows that he has lost Honoria because of these outside forces that try to make him weaker.Fitzgerald shows that Charlie is stronger because of his life change. Charlie dealt with the encounters by choosing to be strong, Somehow an unwelcome encounter. His old friends liked him because he was functioning, because he was serious they wanted to see him, because he was stronger than the y were now because they wanted to ingest a certain sustenance from his strength (218). This strength has led to Charlies feeling of isolation. He goes to the Ritz bar in search of Duncan and Lorraine with the idea of finding them and letting them know that they possibly ruined his life.They had done their sorry work and vanished from his life (Baker 273). Existential philosophy includes alienation from the world, from ones fellows, from oneself (Finkelstein), and Charlie suffers this type of alienation. He has lost his family and his life. When he eventually fails to regain custody of Honoria, he questions why life dealt him this hand He wanted his child, and nothing was much good now, beside that fact. He wasnt young any more, with a hatful of nice thoughts and dreams to have himself. He was absolutely sure Helen wouldnt have wanted him to be so alone (Fitzgerald 230).Babylon Revisited opens in the Ritz bar, a symbolic prison for those pin down in Charlies lifestyle. Charlie spe nt many nights in the prison of the Ritz bar, when he was in his prime party era. Charlie drinks himself into a sanitarium before he begins to come out of the prison of alcoholism.The story then ends again in the Ritz bar. Charlie has come full circle since the beginning of the story. He found happiness in knowing that he would take Honoria home, and then his past of loneliness finds him. The intrusions lead to his ultimate loneliness again (Griffith 237).He is sitting in the Ritz bar when he finds out that Marion has refused to let Honoria go. He realizes that his loneliness will not end because of the mistakes that he has made Again the memory of those days swept over him like a nightmare the men who locked their wives out in the snow, because the snow of twenty-nine wasnt real snow.If you didnt want it to be snow, you just paid some money (229). The prosperity that he once had is now imprisoning him in a life of solitude and loneliness. The sentence that he must pay in this priso n is six more months of loneliness before he can try to get custody of Honoria again (Baker 274).LeVot, in his discussion of Fitzgeralds life, notes that this story marks the end of an era. This is the foreclosure of the almost divine privileges Americans had enjoyed before the Depression. Charlie Wales feels like a king stripped of his kingdom, his past, his illusions (256).Ten years after he wrote the story, Fitzgerald stated that the story was his farewell to youth. Just as Fitzgerald is fearful that his own irresponsibility will twist to his daughter, Charlie tries to wipe out the past so it will not affect Honoria. LeVot states, A great wave of protectiveness went over him. He thought he knew what to do for her.He believed in character, he wanted to jump back a whole generation and trust in character again as the eternally rich element (256). He wants to revive an earlier virtue, for the sake of Honoria. This revival will help to alleviate the loneliness he feels without his daughter.Fitzgerald felt the loneliness brought about by his addiction to alcohol (LeVot Fitzgerald in Paris 51). Bruccoli states that when Charlie remembers his Paris nights that these were probably Fitzgeralds own memories, When Fitzgerald went pub-crawling by himself, it was sometimes hard to terminate his revels (239).His talent and charm often rescue him from the social morasses he created. Bruccoli shares an incident when Fitzgerald showed up drunk at the Paris Tribune and ripped up copy. He sang and insisted that the other reporters join in. When several friends tried to take him home, he insisted that they tour the bars.He finally passed out, but when they delivered him to his apartment he refused to go in. They eventually had to carry Fitzgerald into to his apartment, kicking and screaming. This account was forgiven, as were most of his other escapades (239).Charlie Wales, contrasted Fitzgerald, has not been forgiven and remains separated from his wife and daughter due to alcoholism. He had to work hard to regain his life. The existential absurdity is that he was unable to get custody of Honoria, although he paid the penance for his past sins.Charlie chose to live the life of Babylon and lost everything. After doing everything right to change his life, the outside forces of Duncan and Lorraine ruined his plans to make a home with Honoria. These outside forces are the consequences of the past life that Charlie chose to live.Existentialists not only believe in free will but also living with the consequences of past decisions. Charlies past decisions led to his ultimate loneliness and alienation. Sartre makes the point that alienation is one of the greatest tenets of existentialism.Although Fitzgerald is not an existentialist, his characters in Babylon Revisited are good examples of the ideas of the existentialist movement and how those ideas affect and shape a persons existence.Works Cited Baker, Carlos. When the Story Ends, Babylon Revisited. The Sho rt Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald sweet Approaches in Criticism. Madison, Wisconsin U of Wisconsin P, 1982. 269-277.Bruccoli, Matthew J. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur. naked as a jaybird York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.Finkelstein, Sidney. Existentialism and Alienation in American Literature. New York International Publishers, 1965.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon Revisited and Other Stories. New York Macmillan Scribner Classic, 1988. 210-230.Griffith, Richard R. A Note on Fitzgeralds Babylon Revisited. American Literature 35 (May 1963) 236-239.Lavine, T. Z. From Socrates to Sartre the Philosophic Quest. New York Bantam, 1984.LeVot, Andre. F. Scott Fitzgerald A Biography. New York Doubleday, 1983.LeVot, Andre. Fitzgerald in Paris. Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual 5 (1973) 49-68.Olson, Robert G. A Short Introduction to Philosophy. New York Harcourt, Brace, 1967.Toor, David. Guilt and Retribution in Babylon Revisited. Fitzgerald/Hemingway Annual 5 (1973) 155-64.Way, Brian. F. Scott Fi tzgerald and the Art of Social Fiction. New York St. Martins, 1980.

Effective Communication

converse is central to everything we do and requires intercourse skills. Every day we face challenges a resembling having conversations, getting and giving correct study, sending emails, developing effective tattleships, holding meetings and influenceing with a group, not only at drop dead but likewise at home. Being able to communicate effectively is essential be vex no one guess what you want or what you think if you dont recount them, and nothing is going to change if you do not propose a change. Firstly choose the right time and the right place.If you need to discuss something sensitive, you should resolve to stay where you bottomt be overhead. Alternatively, when you be speaking for a large group of people, you should be sure that everyone ordure hear you perfectly. Organise you ideas in your mind before attempting to communicate them. You should organize your thoughts before speaking and choose the three main ideas and focus in those. If you have to make an impo rtant speech, you could go for it in front of a friend or a mirror and time yourself.An important aspect to communicate effectively is be articulate and not to be afraid of speaking. Be sure, say what you want to say, and do not regret it. The worst thing that you can do when speaking is to hesitate. One of around(prenominal) vital conversation skills is eye contact and its effect in the communication. You can keep your listener interested in what you argon saying. From my point of view, the main come forth to effective communication is the listening part. Effective communication is based on twain listening and speaking.Listen and do not interrupt when it is no longer your expel to speak. You allow for surely learn new things from listening to others and if you dont understand something, you have to ask people to repeat ideas. Good listeners be incessantly very valued be effort there are only a few. Finally, the most important piece of advice to becoming a greater speake r is smile as you are talking. Unless your main aim is to bore and sleep every one, you need to add some humour to your speaking and it holds your audiences attention.Effective parleyEffective talk parley comes in many forms. Two of the most commonly employ are written and oral communication. It is very important to know how to do both(prenominal) with respect, common courtesy and proper etiquette. The way you communicate with the public says a lot about you. It lets people know if you are educated or uneducated. In the Criminal Justice field, communication is everything. When reports have to be written accurately is the top priority. One single wording or misspelling can grounds anyone a case. Effective communication is essential is the understanding of a person and their situation.Communication excessively helps us build trust, friendships, and problem solving skills. As simple as a simple conversation may seem, you result be surprised how inappropriate communication can vitrine a misinterpretation in a conversation. According to (Robinson and Sigel, 2013), effective communication requires you to understand the emotion behind the study. So many different vitrines of communication exist in todays world, for example, oral and non vocal communication, formal and informal communication and electronic communication. This can include phone calls, text messages, and emails. Verbal and Non-Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to pass on a message (Hanes, 2010). There are two basic theatrical roles of communicative communication. They are interpersonal communication and public speaking. Interpersonal communication is what is known as a two-way conversation with both talking and listening. Non-verbal communication on the other hand is what we refer to as body language, signs, and symbols. It has no words related to it. This type of conversation to a fault requires a person to know what they are softening to say. Any mistake in body language or signs can import in misinterpretation.Non-verbal communications include eye contact, body language, facial expressions, and gestures. Non-verbal communication represents 2/3rd of all types of communication. Out of all the communication techniques that are utilize today, verbal communication still seems to be the preferred method, the easiest to understand. Formal and unceremonious Channels of Communication The formal channels of communication in the criminal rightness system are the strict procedures. The informal channels of communication consist of the undocumented sharing of information (Sinclair, 2012).Formal communication is organized and managed information that is shared with applicable individuals in order to secure coordinated action throughout the organization (Wilhelm, 2012). Communication in the criminal justice field involves a lot of privacy. loose communication has a useful way of relaying information to other people. This type of communication is oral. Informal communication is like having a casual conversation. Overcoming Communication Barriers Everyone has had to master barriers in their life. almost people have had to control communication barriers.These types of barriers are caused when a person is sometimes too shy to either speak up or speak in public they may have speech impairments, or are unable to properly pronounce words due to their accents. around of these barriers include emotional, physical, semantic barriers, and infective listening. Emotional barriers affect those with low self-esteem. These types of people tend to question what they are saying. Physical barriers involve the environment. Semantic barriers are when you cannot control on what you are trying to say. To effectively overcome any communication barriers, one must first identify the barrier.Practicing your speech in front of much than than one person can help with your public speaking abilities. Conclusion Communicat ion is the number one way in which humans have larn to interact with one another. Communication comes in various forms, from oral to a basic look. Signs and body expressions are in like manner considered communication because it involves two or much people and something is universe said or noted. No matter what type of communication your prefer to use, make sure your are not only expressing yourself right on and respectfully, but are also auditory modality what is be communicated to you.Effective CommunicationCommunication is essential for an ecesis to operate effectively and efficiently. Effective communication helps to take care that information is relayed accordingly and accurately within the establishment. If the relay of information is inaccurate, the organisations productivity may be affected. This essay will describe the archetype of communication in social intercourse to management and explain how effective communication is undermined by barriers such as cultural differences, generational differences and filtering of information by referring to donnish literature such as journal articles.Further much, an example will be used to explain how managers can increase the productivity and motion of their organisation by developing an effective system of communication. There are numerous definitions for communication but for the purpose of this essay communication will be defined as, the relay of information from one person to another (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 326). The actors also note that communication is a key element in the role of managers as their job is to plan, lead, shape and control.Mikitka (2009) also confirms this by stating that managers need good communication skills as their job requires them to increase efficiency, satisfy customers, implement strategies and disseminate information. Managers should also improve the communication skills of the employees (Bambacas & Patrickson 2008). The originators progress state that employee s will perform better if they are able to communicate with one another effectively. Therefore, communication skills are essential for an effective and efficient management.Cultural differences is a barrier for effective communication because different cultures provide people with different ways of thinking, understanding and communication. T gybed (2012) states that The growing presence of workers from different races and cultures has do dramatic changes to workplaces. The writer yet states that managers and co-workers must note that words and expressions used to communicate can have vastly different meanings and implications for people from different backgrounds, and they must be on the alert to fasten that their intended messages are understood clearly as they communicate with culturally diverse co-workers.Sensitive topics such as race, religion and politics should not be discussed within the organisation as it may create conflicts (Bambacas & Patrickson 2008). Managers shoul d note that work methods vary among different cultures. The Asian culture emphasises on collectivism while the American culture emphasises on individualism (Tagreed 2012). The author explains this by stating that managers who do not understand this difference will face problems as they may assign group based work to employees who are accustomed to working individually and ask employees who are accustomed to team based work to work individually.This may cause a problem as employees might not communicate with each other effectively. Gender is regarded differently in various cultures. Lin (2006) notes that females are still considered vague and not capable of decision making in some Asian cultures. The author mentions that if a female from America works in and Asian organisation, she will not be allowed to suggest ideas and participate in meetings. The author further notes that if a female from an Asian culture works in an American organisation, it is in her nature to be quiet and no t communicate to her male co-workers including the manager.This may affect the relay of information as there is no effective communication. A key factor that makes cultural differences a barrier to effective communication is language. English is not the commonly spoken language in some cultures (Tagreed 2012). The author also states that globalisation has caused many organisations to operate in English. This has become a problem as employees who are not good in English are afraid or embarrassed to communicate to others (Lin 2006). The author further mentions that even if they do communicate, information passed is commonly inaccurate.The reason for this is because, they did not understand the information passed to them by their English speaking co-workers or the English speaking co-workers did not understand their accent (Tagreed 2012). This may firmness in inaccurate information being relayed. generational Diversity is also a barrier for effective communication as different generat ions have different ways of relaying and processing information. Tolbize (2008) states that generational diversity has do the workplace to a greater extent rigid and demanding. The author further states that the four ain generations in the current workforce are the Veterans, Baby Boomers, propagation X and extension Y. Kyles (2005) notes that people communicate differently to others even if the difference in age is five years. The Veterans are also known as the traditional generation. The reason for this because the Veterans are strict followers of formality and authority (Tolbize 2008). The author further states that the Veterans and Baby Boomers do not question authority and use formal methods and language when communicating. times X and Y are much flexible in their work life (Tolbize 2008).The author notes that they prefer informal communication and do not value authority. These differences may cause a problem in communication as most middle or senior managers are Veterans or Baby Boomers and they would post their employees to respect authority and communicate formally. generational diversity also has an impact on work methods that may affect communication. Veterans and Baby Boomers prefer team work as they believe that by communicating with each other and sharing ideas they may develop new and innovative ideas that may increase the productivity of the organisation (Azaroff 2006).The author further states that contemporaries X and Y prefer working individually as they consider team work to be unproductive. The author also notes that Generation Y will not be communicating much with others if they are assigned team work. Technology is another aspect of communication being affected by generational diversity. Kyles (2005) states the Veterans and Baby Boomers were born before technology was implemented and as a result they are not accustomed and do not rely on technology to communicate.The author further states that they prefer face to face communication , phone calls or written letters as distant to E-mails. Generation X and Y were born during the time of technological advancements and modernisation of industries (Kyles 2005). As a result, they prefer electronic means of communication such as E-mails and Instant messaging. These small differences affect effective communication in an organisation. Filtering of information is a barrier to effective communication as the information being relayed has been altered. Filtering an be defined as, the distortion or withholding of information to manage a persons reactions (Butschi & Steyn 2006). The authors state that filtering can be intentional or inadvertent and it prevents members of an organization from getting the actual facts of a situation . Managers should note that filtering of information does not only affect effective communication but also the team spirit of employees (Tourish & Robson 2003). The authors further explain by stating that employees may have insecurities if they d iscover that information is being withheld from them .Filtering of information is also used to make information relayed appear more favourable to the intended person (Butschi & Steyn 2006). Another reason to frequent filtering of information in an organisation is to reduce information overload. Tourish & Robson (2003) state that many individuals have plastered capacity to process information. The authors note that inadvertent filtering of information is common when employees or managers have an overload of work. They further state that time is another reason for the filtering of information.For example, employees or managers tend to summarise information if they are in a rush. Filtering of information, be it intentional or accidental, can lead to miscommunications in an organisation as information is translated or interpreted differently creating different versions. Managers should have a system to overcome these communication barriers as it will greatly affect the organisations productivity and feat. Managers can develop an effective system of communication by promoting the use of simple and unbiased language, promoting active listening and giving creative feedback.Therkelsen & Fiebich (2001) state that effective communication is achieved when information is relayed and understood accurately. The authors further state that by using simple and clear words instead of ambiguous words and jargons information will be understood and relayed easily. The authors also state that words used should not be biased as it may be offensive to others. For example, instead of saying cleanup position lady or cleaner, people should address them as maintenance worker. Managers should provide employees with guidelines on standard of speech and conduct to improve communication within the organisation.Managers should get ahead active listening because information is misunderstood in many occasions. Therkelsen & Fiebich (2001) state that there is a difference between listening and audition. The authors define listening as, hearing with proper understanding of the message that is relayed. The authors also note that a sender may strive to deliver a message clearly. But the receivers ability to listen effectively is equally vital to successful communication. Listening takes work and concentration and the only way to get practice is by communicating with people often (Therkelsen & Fiebich 2001).Managers and employees should give constructive feedback to each other as often as possible. Feedback does not have to be formal or verbal but it has to be constructive. Tourish & Robson (2003) state that constructive feedback helps people understand their mistakes and increases esprit de corps. The authors also state that even negative feedback can be delivered constructively. They also note that constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between managers and employees. Adopting these methods will increase effective communication with the organisatio n without compromising its productivity or performance.In conclusion, promoting effective communication with an organisation is not a simple task. However, by identifying and overcoming the barriers systematically, effective communication can be achieved. This essay has defined and described communication in relation to management and has identified cultural diversity, generational diversity and filtering of information as barriers to effective communication. Furthermore, examples have been used to show how to overcome these barriers without affecting the productivity and performance of the organisation. ReferencesAzaroff, R. 2006, Ideas for managing a multigenerational workforce, Federal Computer Week, vol. 20, no. 31, pp. 56-56. Bambacas, M & Patrickson, M 2008, Interpersonal communication skills that enhance organisational commitment, Journal of Communication Management, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 51-72 Butschi, G & Steyn, B. 2006, Theory on strategic communication management is the key to unlocking the boardroom, Journal of Communication Management,vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 106-109. Kyles, D. 2005, Managing Your Multigenerational Workforce, Strategic Finance, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 52-55. Lin , L, 2006, Cross-cultural communications and Pragmatics Principle, Cross-cultural Communication, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. n/a Mikitka, M. J. 2009, Managing the Multi-Generational Workforce, Material Handling Management, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 11-11. Robbins, S, DeCenzo, D, Coulter, M, Woods, M, 2011, Management The Essentials, 1st edn, Pearson Australia. Tagreed, I. K. 2012, Cross-cultural Differences in Management, world(prenominal) Journal of Business and Social Science,vol. 3, no. 6, pp. n/a Therkelsen, D. J. & Fiebich, C. L. 010, Message to desired action A communication effectiveness model, Journal of Communication Management, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 374-390. Tolbize, A, 2008, Generational differences in the workplace, Research and Training Center on Community Living, University of Minnesota, viewed on 19 August 2012, Tourish, D. & Robson, P. 2003, Critical upward feedback in organisations Processes, problems and implications for communication management,Journal of Communication Management,vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 150-167.Effective CommunicationCommunication is central to everything we do and requires communication skills. Every day we face challenges like having conversations, getting and giving correct information, sending emails, developing effective relationships, holding meetings and working with a team, not only at work but also at home. Being able to communicate effectively is essential because no one guess what you want or what you think if you dont pick out them, and nothing is going to change if you do not propose a change. Firstly choose the right time and the right place.If you need to discuss something sensitive, you should try to stay where you cant be overhead. Alternatively, when you are speaking for a large group of people, you should be sure that everyone c an hear you perfectly. Organise you ideas in your mind before attempting to communicate them. You should organize your thoughts before speaking and choose the three main ideas and focus in those. If you have to make an important speech, you could practice it in front of a friend or a mirror and time yourself.An important aspect to communicate effectively is be articulate and not to be afraid of speaking. Be sure, say what you want to say, and do not regret it. The worst thing that you can do when speaking is to hesitate. One of most vital communication skills is eye contact and its effect in the communication. You can keep your listener interested in what you are saying. From my point of view, the main trim to effective communication is the listening part. Effective communication is based on both listening and speaking.Listen and do not interrupt when it is no longer your felon to speak. You will surely learn new things from listening to others and if you dont understand something , you have to ask people to repeat ideas. Good listeners are ever so very appreciated because there are only a few. Finally, the most important piece of advice to becoming a greater speaker is smile as you are talking. Unless your main aim is to bore and sleep every one, you need to add some humour to your speaking and it holds your audiences attention.Effective CommunicationEffective Communication Communication comes in many forms. Two of the most commonly used are written and oral communication. It is very important to know how to do both with respect, common courtesy and proper etiquette. The way you communicate with the public says a lot about you. It lets people know if you are educated or uneducated. In the Criminal Justice field, communication is everything. When reports have to be written accurately is the top priority. One single wording or misspelling can cause anyone a case. Effective communication is essential is the understanding of a person and their situation.Communi cation also helps us build trust, friendships, and problem solving skills. As simple as a simple conversation may seem, you will be surprised how inappropriate communication can cause a misinterpretation in a conversation. According to (Robinson and Sigel, 2013), effective communication requires you to understand the emotion behind the information. So many different types of communication exist in todays world, for example, verbal and non verbal communication, formal and informal communication and electronic communication. This can include phone calls, text messages, and emails. Verbal and Non-Verbal CommunicationVerbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message (Hanes, 2010). There are two basic types of verbal communication. They are interpersonal communication and public speaking. Interpersonal communication is what is known as a two-way conversation with both talking and listening. Non-verbal communication on the other hand is what we refer to as b ody language, signs, and symbols. It has no words related to it. This type of conversation also requires a person to know what they are trying to say. Any mistake in body language or signs can result in misinterpretation.Non-verbal communications include eye contact, body language, facial expressions, and gestures. Non-verbal communication represents 2/3rd of all types of communication. Out of all the communication techniques that are used today, verbal communication still seems to be the preferred method, the easiest to understand. Formal and Informal Channels of Communication The formal channels of communication in the criminal justice system are the strict procedures. The informal channels of communication consist of the undocumented sharing of information (Sinclair, 2012).Formal communication is organized and managed information that is shared with relevant individuals in order to secure coordinated action throughout the organization (Wilhelm, 2012). Communication in the crimina l justice field involves a lot of privacy. Informal communication has a useful way of relaying information to other people. This type of communication is oral. Informal communication is like having a casual conversation. Overcoming Communication Barriers Everyone has had to overcome barriers in their life. Some people have had to overcome communication barriers.These types of barriers are caused when a person is sometimes too shy to either speak up or speak in public they may have speech impairments, or are unable to properly pronounce words due to their accents. Some of these barriers include emotional, physical, semantic barriers, and infective listening. Emotional barriers affect those with low self-esteem. These types of people tend to question what they are saying. Physical barriers involve the environment. Semantic barriers are when you cannot agree on what you are trying to say. To effectively overcome any communication barriers, one must first identify the barrier.Practicing your speech in front of more than one person can help with your public speaking abilities. Conclusion Communication is the number one way in which humans have lettered to interact with one another. Communication comes in various forms, from oral to a basic look. Signs and body expressions are also considered communication because it involves two or more people and something is being said or noted. No matter what type of communication your prefer to use, make sure your are not only expressing yourself aright and respectfully, but are also hearing what is being communicated to you.Effective CommunicationCommunication is essential for an organisation to operate effectively and efficiently. Effective communication helps to ensure that information is relayed accordingly and accurately within the organisation. If the relay of information is inaccurate, the organisations productivity may be affected. This essay will describe the judgment of communication in relation to management and e xplain how effective communication is undermined by barriers such as cultural differences, generational differences and filtering of information by referring to academic literature such as journal articles.Furthermore, an example will be used to explain how managers can increase the productivity and performance of their organisation by developing an effective system of communication. There are numerous definitions for communication but for the purpose of this essay communication will be defined as, the relay of information from one person to another (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 326). The authors also note that communication is a key element in the role of managers as their job is to plan, lead, constitute and control.Mikitka (2009) also confirms this by stating that managers need good communication skills as their job requires them to increase efficiency, satisfy customers, implement strategies and disseminate information. Managers should also improve the communication skills of the em ployees (Bambacas & Patrickson 2008). The authors further state that employees will perform better if they are able to communicate with one another effectively. Therefore, communication skills are essential for an effective and efficient management.Cultural differences is a barrier for effective communication because different cultures provide people with different ways of thinking, understanding and communicating. Tagreed (2012) states that The growing presence of workers from different races and cultures has made dramatic changes to workplaces. The author further states that managers and co-workers must note that words and expressions used to communicate can have vastly different meanings and implications for people from different backgrounds, and they must be elaborate to ensure that their intended messages are understood clearly as they communicate with culturally diverse co-workers.Sensitive topics such as race, religion and politics should not be discussed within the organisa tion as it may create conflicts (Bambacas & Patrickson 2008). Managers should note that work methods vary among different cultures. The Asian culture emphasises on collectivism while the American culture emphasises on individualism (Tagreed 2012). The author explains this by stating that managers who do not understand this difference will face problems as they may assign team based work to employees who are accustomed to working individually and ask employees who are accustomed to team based work to work individually.This may cause a problem as employees might not communicate with each other effectively. Gender is regarded differently in various cultures. Lin (2006) notes that females are still considered clean and not capable of decision making in some Asian cultures. The author mentions that if a female from America works in and Asian organisation, she will not be allowed to suggest ideas and participate in meetings. The author further notes that if a female from an Asian culture works in an American organisation, it is in her nature to be quiet and not communicate to her male co-workers including the manager.This may affect the relay of information as there is no effective communication. A key factor that makes cultural differences a barrier to effective communication is language. English is not the commonly spoken language in some cultures (Tagreed 2012). The author also states that globalisation has caused many organisations to operate in English. This has become a problem as employees who are not good in English are afraid or embarrassed to communicate to others (Lin 2006). The author further mentions that even if they do communicate, information passed is commonly inaccurate.The reason for this is because, they did not understand the information passed to them by their English speaking co-workers or the English speaking co-workers did not understand their accent (Tagreed 2012). This may result in inaccurate information being relayed. Generational Diver sity is also a barrier for effective communication as different generations have different ways of relaying and processing information. Tolbize (2008) states that generational diversity has made the workplace more rigid and demanding. The author further states that the four ain generations in the current workforce are the Veterans, Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y. Kyles (2005) notes that people communicate differently to others even if the difference in age is five years. The Veterans are also known as the traditional generation. The reason for this because the Veterans are strict followers of formality and authority (Tolbize 2008). The author further states that the Veterans and Baby Boomers do not question authority and use formal methods and language when communicating. Generation X and Y are more flexible in their work life (Tolbize 2008).The author notes that they prefer informal communication and do not appreciate authority. These differences may cause a problem in communication as most middle or senior managers are Veterans or Baby Boomers and they would require their employees to respect authority and communicate formally. Generational diversity also has an impact on work methods that may affect communication. Veterans and Baby Boomers prefer team work as they believe that by communicating with each other and sharing ideas they may develop new and innovative ideas that may increase the productivity of the organisation (Azaroff 2006).The author further states that Generation X and Y prefer working individually as they consider team work to be unproductive. The author also notes that Generation Y will not be communicating much with others if they are assigned team work. Technology is another aspect of communication being affected by generational diversity. Kyles (2005) states the Veterans and Baby Boomers were born before technology was implemented and as a result they are not accustomed and do not rely on technology to communicate.The autho r further states that they prefer face to face communication, phone calls or written letters as opposed to E-mails. Generation X and Y were born during the time of technological advancements and modernisation of industries (Kyles 2005). As a result, they prefer electronic means of communication such as E-mails and Instant messaging. These small differences affect effective communication in an organisation. Filtering of information is a barrier to effective communication as the information being relayed has been altered. Filtering an be defined as, the distortion or withholding of information to manage a persons reactions (Butschi & Steyn 2006). The authors state that filtering can be intentional or accidental and it prevents members of an organization from getting the actual facts of a situation . Managers should note that filtering of information does not only affect effective communication but also the morale of employees (Tourish & Robson 2003). The authors further explain by st ating that employees may have insecurities if they discover that information is being withheld from them .Filtering of information is also used to make information relayed appear more favourable to the intended person (Butschi & Steyn 2006). Another reason to frequent filtering of information in an organisation is to reduce information overload. Tourish & Robson (2003) state that many individuals have certain capacity to process information. The authors note that accidental filtering of information is common when employees or managers have an overload of work. They further state that time is another reason for the filtering of information.For example, employees or managers tend to summarise information if they are in a rush. Filtering of information, be it intentional or accidental, can lead to miscommunications in an organisation as information is translated or interpreted differently creating different versions. Managers should have a system to overcome these communication barrier s as it will greatly affect the organisations productivity and performance. Managers can develop an effective system of communication by promoting the use of simple and unbiased language, promoting active listening and giving constructive feedback.Therkelsen & Fiebich (2001) state that effective communication is achieved when information is relayed and understood accurately. The authors further state that by using simple and clear words instead of ambiguous words and jargons information will be understood and relayed easily. The authors also state that words used should not be biased as it may be offensive to others. For example, instead of saying change lady or cleaner, people should address them as maintenance worker. Managers should provide employees with guidelines on standard of speech and conduct to improve communication within the organisation.Managers should upgrade active listening because information is misunderstood in many occasions. Therkelsen & Fiebich (2001) state t hat there is a difference between listening and hearing. The authors define listening as, hearing with proper understanding of the message that is relayed. The authors also note that a sender may strive to deliver a message clearly. But the receivers ability to listen effectively is equally vital to successful communication. Listening takes practice and concentration and the only way to get practice is by communicating with people often (Therkelsen & Fiebich 2001).Managers and employees should give constructive feedback to each other as often as possible. Feedback does not have to be formal or verbal but it has to be constructive. Tourish & Robson (2003) state that constructive feedback helps people understand their mistakes and increases morale. The authors also state that even negative feedback can be delivered constructively. They also note that constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between managers and employees. Adopting these methods will increase effectiv e communication with the organisation without compromising its productivity or performance.In conclusion, promoting effective communication with an organisation is not a simple task. However, by identifying and overcoming the barriers systematically, effective communication can be achieved. This essay has defined and described communication in relation to management and has identified cultural diversity, generational diversity and filtering of information as barriers to effective communication. Furthermore, examples have been used to show how to overcome these barriers without affecting the productivity and performance of the organisation. ReferencesAzaroff, R. 2006, Ideas for managing a multigenerational workforce, Federal Computer Week, vol. 20, no. 31, pp. 56-56. Bambacas, M & Patrickson, M 2008, Interpersonal communication skills that enhance organisational commitment, Journal of Communication Management, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 51-72 Butschi, G & Steyn, B. 2006, Theory on strategic communication management is the key to unlocking the boardroom, Journal of Communication Management,vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 106-109. Kyles, D. 2005, Managing Your Multigenerational Workforce, Strategic Finance, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 52-55. Lin , L, 2006, Cross-cultural communication theory and Pragmatics Principle, Cross-cultural Communication, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. n/a Mikitka, M. J. 2009, Managing the Multi-Generational Workforce, Material Handling Management, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 11-11. Robbins, S, DeCenzo, D, Coulter, M, Woods, M, 2011, Management The Essentials, 1st edn, Pearson Australia. Tagreed, I. K. 2012, Cross-cultural Differences in Management, world-wide Journal of Business and Social Science,vol. 3, no. 6, pp. n/a Therkelsen, D. J. & Fiebich, C. L. 010, Message to desired action A communication effectiveness model, Journal of Communication Management, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 374-390. Tolbize, A, 2008, Generational differences in the workplace, Research and Training Center on Communi ty Living, University of Minnesota, viewed on 19 August 2012, Tourish, D. & Robson, P. 2003, Critical upward feedback in organisations Processes, problems and implications for communication management,Journal of Communication Management,vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 150-167.

Mandating School Uniforms Essay

The controversy on civilise uniforms has referd from the early 1990s and its worth was reiterated by President Bill Clinton in his State of the Union destination in 1996. In atcourseing a teach which incorporates the developdays uniforms parents need to know what school uniforms represent, the goal of the schools for their children, and what should be taught to their children. groom uniforms create unity and pride. shallow uniforms are in plus encouraged as a means to help ensure students safety and assist them in achieving academic success.Although it is argued thatschool uniforms is a desecrate of a students free get out for self- expression, all cosmos schools should incorporate uniforms because it creates and symbolizes unity and pride, heightens discipline, but some importantly it is believed that the reinforcement of school uniforms decrease hector, disciplinal actions ,and violence. aim uniforms create unity with uniforms being the same across the whole campus. Teachers are cap adequate to identify students and separate them from outsiders or those who are on campus without permission. Parents also play a big role in educating students with what uniforms represent for them and the schools they attend.Students willing become more than confident in engaging with their peers and teachers because they will non happen any different but rather have a sense of belonging. Husss (2007) article Do uniforms influence teacher expectations reports that teachers perceived an elevation in the overall morale at the school after the implementation of the school uniform policy. School uniforms boost confidence in students and makes it easier to interact with single a nonher(prenominal) without being self-conscious about the attire he and/or she has on.It is an acknowledgement of the schools they attend but most importantly who they represent asindividuals. Students with low socioeconomic statuses are unable to express themselves if they are unable to afford the new and latest trends which may cause them to feel out of place. Should domain Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 3 Would a parent ever want his and/or her child singled out because of array? Parents need to think about all students who are currently alter and not only for their own childs sake or unnecessary want. Other students who wish for snitch name clothing and cannot have them tend to shy away from others and eventually shy away from school.With school uniformsimplemented students will learn to appreciate themselves as students, and without distractions from clothes they will be able to see wizard another for who and what they represent which is the act of unity and the start of discipline. Anderson (2002) states that when students dress alike, a team-like culture develops, and this promotes school spirit and positive self-images. Uniform is in fact a representation of one, and students will grow to encounter the value of habiliment a uniform. Because all student s look alike, differences are pushed aside thus allowing more time to focus on academics.School uniforms decrease disciplinary actions because students have more self-respect, respect for their peers and for their teachers. Some school personnel believe students and teachers tend to digest the way they are allowed to dress (Stephens, 1996). When school uniforms are present in schools the goal is to make a distinction amidst teachers and students. Teachers are given the laterality to teach and students are given an undivided attention from teachers which will allow them to learn. An observation of a United magnatedom school conducted by Amy Walmsley (2011) stated with school uniforms implemented students are more likely torespect peers and teachers because they are reminded that their job is to be a student.Students will attend school in uniforms and cannot differentiate with one another as they are able to identify themselves and their peers as students are all in school for one common goal which is to learn and run in academics. Teachers can lead by example and support the integration of school uniforms by wearing similar colors to school consequently reminding the students that Should creation Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 4 they are all on the same page.Parents and guardians can lend a hand in educating their childrenas well to ensure students understand the importance of school uniforms in creating discipline overall school campus. With discipline comes more control in the schools and school uniforms can definitely be one influential cause. Studies conducted with regards to student discipline has shown that schools which have incorporated school uniforms have noted that students behaved better, paid more attention in class, and interacted in a reverent manner than before the implementation took place (Huss, 2007).As Angela Walmsley (2011) reiterates in her article, teachers appreciate the fact that thepresence of school uniforms brings a sense of duty to the students and respect for the school and teachers. Uniforms should be used to create a positive school climate in which students focus on learning and bring back a atomic bit more respect for teachers and students in the classroom.Teachers perceived improvement in academic and achievement motivation, an increased sense of responsibility by students acknowledging a more effective use of instructional time, and greater participation in classroom activities (Huss,2007). Why else would parents not want to implementschool uniforms in public schools? Students are being bullied, violated, and affrightened for their designer or brand name clothing. Others with low socioeconomic statuses are constantly being harassed and ridiculed because they do not fit in a social group due to what they wear.The implementation of school uniforms can minimize the act of bullying in schools. Nowadays stylus trends and designer clothes are aimed to a younger generation, and students are going out of their way to flaunt (show off new clothes with attitude) them. While whatever students are fortunate enough to receivethese with parents who are able to afford them, others are not able to because their parents have much more important things to stir up about with regards to how money is being spent in their Should Public Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 5 households.Students cannot learn to appreciate the effort of the school for the integration of school uniforms if parents continue to condone this type of behavior. Parents need to be mindful of all other reasons that may affect students while they are in school and their cry for freedom of expression. In an attempt to help stop bullying The Federal Government has created a StopBullying website and brings to light a certain group of students who may be at risk of being bullied.Some of the children who may be at risk of being bullied if it has not occurred yet are perceived as different from their peers because of different clothing or not wearing what other students consider cool (Stop Bullying, n. d) . Students especially those who are females are known to depress one another if the clothes worn are not of the latest style. An editor, Vanessa OConnell of The Wall Street ledger writes and reports on fashion bullies from a public school which has yet to incorporate a school uniform.Students without the latest cool brands have become a target for bullying because they are wearing the wrong brands. It is stated that the number of fashion bullies (or those related to clothing) and incidents have increased over the years, therefore calling for assistance in reduction of these types of incidents. Susan M. Swearer, associate professor of school psychology at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, surveyed a total of more than 1,000 students at five Midwestern middle schools from 1999 to 2004, with about 56% of the take in female, and more than one-third of the students admits to being bulliedbecause of their cl othing (OConnell, 2007).Students should not have to worry about clothing but it is happening and it needs to stop with the reinforcement of school uniforms. Furthermore, the Bullying Statistics from 2013 has stated that 77% of students are being bullied on a regular basis, and half of the percentage is made up of students who are harassed and caution returning to school. The effects of bullying are low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and some suicidal thoughts. Bullying due to clothing occurs when students are being teased or Should Public Schools Reinforce Uniforms?6 humiliated constantly for not having the latest designer clothes, or for having a different type of style in attire such(prenominal) as Goth wear or those of a low socioeconomic status. Name-calling, dirty stares, elimination from social groups are some of the actions defined as bullying which students are involved in at school. With the integration of school uniforms there should be no bullying in school with respe ct to the types of clothing the students should wear. Students will not be intimidated by one another because they choose to express themselves differently, thereforepermitting them to the freedom they need to learn and exceed in academics.The most important reason school uniforms should be incorporated is to help decrease violence. Violence in schools has been marked by health professionals as a threat to overall health and academic success of students (Stephens, 1996). In addition, programs which were implemented in schools to assist with violence have noted a possible connection between school violence and the type of clothing students wear (King, 1998).Most cases are due to the fashion trends which is most attractive by students such as brand name clothing or urban wear which areover-sized and can be mistakenly identified as plurality-related clothing. This type of wear is the made popular by famous hip hop artists and rappers whom students look to imitate and idolize. Student s have had violent encounters in school because some individuals envy them because they cannot afford to purchase these types of clothing.Furthermore, gang members are usually differentiated from one another through the colors they wear and there have been instances where students from local schools are unintentionally harmed or gunned bring down due to the colors they choose to wear to express themselves in school.Other students who become victim to these occurrences are able to hide weapons in their large clothing which is potentially placing all students in harms way. Should Public Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 7 Violence in schools has been an ongoing issue over the last decades and King notes in his article Should School Uniforms be Mandated in Elementary School how violence has negatively influenced students and have caused one of every 10 to 12 youths to baffle away from school does so because of fear (Stephens, 1997 Everett & Price,1995). Students fear for their lives becaus e of the common occurrence of violence.They are no longer motivated to attend nor learn from school as they do not feel safe in school. These feelings eventually cause isolation and causes students to drop out of school. With the implementation of school uniforms, fights over looks and styles will step down hence giving faculty, staff, teachers, and parents more time to focus on academic success of students. In support of decreasing violence through incorporating school uniforms question studies have shown that there has been an intense decrease of violence and disciplinary problems for Kindergarten through Grade Eight in schools which have incorporateduniforms (King, 1998).Requiring school uniforms is one of the simplest ways to start teaching students about unity and pride as they start school and grow into learning individuals. It is important for parents and teachers to support the decision to implement school uniforms and allow the students to adapt to the changes which are designed to provide them a safe and secure learning environment. The reinforcement of school uniforms will lead to changes that are not only beneficial to students but the teachers and the school as a whole. It will help the students understand the importance ofschool uniforms and how they symbolize unity and pride.In addition it encourages students to learn to appreciate and respect themselves, their peers, and teachers and remove distractions from which eventually lead to bullying, fighting, or some form of disciplinary or violent behavior. With full support from parents, the students will be on their way to academic success. Should Public Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 8 Students can lead themselves to a fit and well-disciplined environment where they will be able to learn at their full capacity, and their teachers can teach at their maximum potential (King, 1998).References Everett SA, Price JH. Students perceptions of violence in the public schools the MetLife survey. J Adol Healt h. 1995 17345-352. Huss, J. A. (2007) The role of school uniforms in creating an academically motivating climate Do uniforms influence teacher expectations. Journal of Ethnographic and Qualitative Research, 1, 31-39. Retrieved from http//eds. b. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/ Should Public Schools Reinforce Uniforms? 9 Kling, K. A. (1997) Should School Uniforms be Mandated in Elementary Schools? Journal of School Health, 68 (1), 32-37.Retrieved from http//eds. b. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/ OConnell, V. (2007, October) Fashion Bullies Attack In Middle School The Wall Street Journal Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/news/articles/SB119326834963770540 Portner J. Department to issue guidelines on school uniforms. Educ Week. 199615(24)27 (as cited in King, 1998, p. 32) Stephens RD. The art of safe school planning. Sch Admin. 199653(2) 14-21. (as cited in King, 1998, p. 32) The US Dept of Education. manual of arms on School Uniforms, online. Retrieved from http//inet. ed. gov/updates/uniforms.html. Feb 29, 1996. The U. S Department of Health & Human Services Manual on Bullying, online Retrieved from http//www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/factors/atrisk The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Memorandum for the Secretary of Education. Subject Manual on School Uniforms, online. http//inet. ed. gov/PressReleases/02- 1996/whpr. 26. html. Feb 23, 1996. Walmsley, A. (2011) What the United Kingdom can teach the United States about school uniforms. Kappanmagazine. org. 92 (6), 63-66. Retrieved from http//eds. b. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/

Employee Privacy Essay

Failure by employees to adhere to plow ethics especially in the advent of net income has led organizations to engage employee-monitoring activities. Where employees adhere to the professional code of conduct less challenges and problems in terms of bad conduct, scandals and conflicts are avoided in the work office staff. Security and Privacy have become synonymous with meshing use. Rarely can any one think of doing online transactions without first worrying intimately the twin issues of earnest, and privacy.Internet security is particularly a tricky and complex phenomenon because of the lack of universality in implementation of various security policies and acts. Secondly, the advent of Internet as well as its ever-rising relevancy and popularity has caught numerous stakeholders including governments, software companies as well as regulatory agencies by surprise. At first, few would imagine that Internet could be used negatively by employees. However, this has in recent metre s become a reality and employee abuse of office resources can authoritatively be termed as one of the to the highest degree dangerous crimes facing organizations today.Finkin, 1995. Professionalism is the practical behavior portrayed in a place by both the employer and employee. Professionalism entails a snatch of characteristics key of which are the right focus towards the job, positive attitude and being goal oriented. Whether employee monitoring is professional behavior or non is very ofttimes debatable but definitely it is unfair for an employer to jump into secretly monitoring and surveying employees in the work place without their consent.Once employees notice that, they are infra surveillance they are potential to become irritated and betrayed. As much as employers have a right to take all measures possible to rationalise down costs of production especially by minimizing wastage, this should be applied up to agreeable limits without infringing on personal freedom. Profe ssionalism involves display of interest in the job, advanced communication skills, work etiquette, accountability and commitment to teamwork.If both the employer and employee adhere to professional conduct in their respective roles, incidences, which warrant surveillance, would significantly drop. In any(prenominal) instances, some employers rush into surveillance at the slightest provocation and sometimes the fear is not warranted at all. Majority of the organizations are rushing to install monitoring systems not because of security threats but rather because of technological evolution. S. Elizabeth, 1998.Their argument is valid bearing in mind that many organizations are keen to embrace modern information engineering for the sake of public relations as opposed to warranted situations. Revolution in information technology has impacted on professionalism in that employers are more likely to overlook the professional aspect of a decision in favor of technological advantage, which c omes with the kind of decision. Interestingly, many managers do not carry out studies to take a leak the employees attitudes towards such a decision before making those decisions. Privacy.Privacy can be defined as the personal interests touching on the individuals right to personal space, whereby freedom from interference is guaranteed by the state or the organizations one works for. Hunt, 1984. Privacy of personal communication in the work place is jeopardized when an individuals communications is tempered with, hence curtailing the freedom of communication of the individual. The most common way this occurs in organizations is whereby the employer or management tracks and accesses employee communication other not meant or directed to them.This occurs when employers use modern technology such as electronic surveillance to hack employees private information. A recent telephone circuit survey on the extent of electronic surveillance in work places in US established a growing trend of employers in many corporate organizations using modern technologies to hack employees private information. This is alarming especially when it is coming in the wake of employee concerns about the advent of one being surveilled against their press all day long.The prospect of gathering and sharing information amongst departments in organizations has made it easy to conduct business while at the same time cutting cost of communication dramatically. According to current research findings, it is approximated that most companies save up to 20 percent of operational costs by embracement modern technology. Finkin,1995. This is a significant amount of revenue considering that businesses exist to make profits by embracing effective and efficient technology.This leaves no doubt that bowel movement to embrace information technology as long as it is applied in the right way is welcome. Despite the ranging debate on the right of employees to privacy, the employers search to justify their action and every step of it. Before the advent of surveillance technology in the local organizations, the existence of employee theft especially in sell companies and in some key departments in organizations was a common occurrence. Finkin, 1995.Employers monitor employees for three major reasons one legal liability, security, and productivity. All the three reasons get prior seem to be justifiable reasons but there is a need for legislation to govern the process for such legal framework lacks in most of the organizations. Majority of the big organizations in USA have adopted monitoring as way of ensuring security and not mainly for surveillance of employees. The latter is not a priority but employers cite it as a good deterrent to those employees who may want to misuse company property.Although the main purpose put forward for the introduction of the monitoring system was for the purposes of detecting crime, it is worthy mentioning that employers do use evidence garnered from th e cctvs in apprehending workers for gross misconduct in the work place. McWhirter, 1989. In conclusion, it is not fair for an employee to oppose being monitored while he/she continues to act unprofessionally in the workplace. No employer will risk their business at the expense of employee privacy. It is therefore worthy noting that, depending on the situation, monitoring employees can be justified as long as it makes business sense.

Family Stress and Their Relation to Academic Performance

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction The term vehemence had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. It is a form of the Middle English destresse, derived via oldish French from the Latin stringere, to draw tight. It had long been in use in physics to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in biological and psychological circles to refer to a mental strain, uninvited happening, or, more medically, a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness.Stress plays a role in the body, behavior and feelings of people. Stress comes in many forms. Things like our environment, physiological well being, thoughts and social stresses and stress inside our homes can have an effect on learning Stress, vocalisationicularly family link stress can have an tinct on a savants schoolman achievement. College students have many obstacles to ove rcome in order to achieve their finest academic performance. Different stressors such as quantify management, financial problems, sleep deprivation social activities can all pose their own threat to a students academic performance.The path that academic performance is measured is through the ordinal scale of general weighted average (GWA). A students GWA determines many things such as class rank. Much research has been done looking at the correlation of many stress factors that college students experience and the effects of stress on their GWA. There be many factors that can cause stress and influence a students academic performance and therefore affect his or her overall GWA.A college student may find him or herself in a juggling act, trying to support a family, taking care of job responsibilities, and at the same time trying to make the most of the college career. All of these factors can affect the grades of students, which ultimately affect the rest of their lives. Conceptual Framework Stress is a large part of everyday life. Most stress occurs at busiest moment like at home. Its one of the most common places for stress to build. Nevertheless stress is unavoidable.According to Marilyn Wedge, a family therapist, stressful situations at home like a parent losing a job, an illness, marital discord, or even conflicts about day-to-day issues may be upset to a child without the parents even being aware of it. And often children go about trying to solve the family problem in the only way they inhabit which may the cause of stress and, subconsciously or not, the children tend to bring the family problem outside home making the situation worst. These changes can cause health problems if experienced to frequently. If a child is stress the body responds negatively to it.The body often becomes worn down making it more susceptible to becoming sick. Depending on how serious the stress, can determine the severity of its impact. The brain, nerves, and central nervou s system interpret stress. There are several side effects that occur from stress. Insomnia is another(prenominal) factor that stress may bring on. This occurs when a child is disrupted with thoughts and questions that drive them crazy and cause an inability to sleep. Chronic pain, headaches and backaches can be stress induced when under pressure. The muscles in these areas become tense under stress.Heart problems are the most common side effect. The pain felt in the chest is stress caused by an oxygen shortage to the heart. Heart attacks occur due to high blood pressure and can be fatal. Some behaviors that child takes part in to reduce or cope with stress may also bring on heart problems. Stress can also hurt emotionally as with depression. Research paradigm is shown on Figure 1. This included the input, the process, and the output. The input contains the profile of the 2nd year Accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University, the family stress they encounter, and their aca demic performance.In the process, questionnaires were distributed and observations were conducted to gather pertinent information from the respondents. It also included the analy -sis and evaluation of the gathered info and information from the respondents. The output consists of the findings about the effect of family stress to academic performance of the respondents. Figure 1 The schematic paradigm used in the study. Statement of the Problem The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of family stress to the second year accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University regards to their academic performance.Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions a. How may the profile of the second year accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University be described in terms of sex? b. What are the family experiences/stress and the academic performance base on GWA of the respondents? c. Is there a significant difference between male and female students i n treatment family stress? d. Is there any relationship between family stress and the academic performance of the respondents? HypothesisFamily-related stress has no significant effect on the academic performance of second year Accountancy students at De La Salle Araneta University. Scope and Delimitation This research is delimited only to preparation and evaluation of stress level aimed at correlating the family related stress and academic performance of students through their GWA. The students were asked to complete a survey, including the perceived stress scale. Along with this test the students were asked to complete a demographic data sheet that asked questions such as age and gender, and also their classes and grades the prior semester.The respondents are thirty college Accountancy sophomore students of De La Salle Araneta University (which includes 8 boys and 22 girls) during the 1st semester of academic year 2012-2013. The respondents are chosen randomly from a block section of Accountancy. Significance of the Study The researchers intend to show the impact of family related stress in the academic performance of second year Accountancy students of De La Salle Araneta University through their General Weighted Average (GWA).Moreover this study, address itself to the students that they may understand the impact of family related stress in their academic performance and eventually help themselves , to the professors that they may observe the behavior of students and help them through guidance and referral to the University Guidance Office for help, to families, especially the parents and the guardians that they may help their family member cope with stress from its roots (family related stress) and bring out their optimum academic performance, and to interested people in the academe and community that they may gain insights on this research to help people around them understand the possible impact of family-related stress to the academic performance of a s tudent, and to other interested individuals that they may find knowledge on this research. Definition of Terms To further understand this research, below are terms used in the research.GWA (General Weighted Average). It is a term that refers to the average of grades in all subjects taken, whether passed or failed. It is the result of combining the performance rating based on the screening criteria or subject. It serves as the indicator of a students academic performance in a given semester or school year. Stress. It is a term that defined as an organisms lend response to environmental demands or pressures. When stress was first studied in the 1950s, the term was used to denote both the causes and the experienced effects of these pressures. More recently, however, the al-Quran stressor has been used for the stimulus that provokes a stress response.