A Profile of Marita Bonner

A Profile of Marita Bonner Born on June 16, 1898, educated in Brookline, Massachusetts, public schools and Radcliffe College, Marita Bonner published short stories and essays from 1924 to 1941 in Opportunity, The Crisis, Black Life and other magazines. She occasionally published under the pseudonym Joseph Maree Andrew. Her 1925 essay in Crisis, On Being Young, A Woman, and Colored which deals with racism and sexism and poverty, is an example of her social commentary. She also wrote several plays. Bonners writing dealt with issues of race, gender, and class, as her characters struggled to develop more fully in the face of social limitations, highlighting especially the vulnerability of black women. She married William Almy Occomy in 1930 and moved to Chicago where they raised three children and where she also taught school. She published as Marita Bonner Occomy after her marriage. Her Frye Street stories were set in Chicago. Marita Bonner Occomy did not publish any more after 1941 when she joined the Christian Science Church. Six new stories were found in her notebooks after she died in 1971, although the dates indicated shed written them before 1941. A collection of her work was published in 1987 as Frye Street and Environs: The Collected Works of Marita Bonner. Marita Bonner Occomy died in 1971 of complications of injuries sustained in a fire in her home.

How to Get the Most Out of SAT Math Practice Questions

How to Get the Most Out of SAT Math Practice Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve lined up all your SAT math study material, but now how do you use these questions to their best effect? Getting the materials to study is only half the battle- making an effective study plan and knowing how to best execute it is the second, crucial step. We’ve put together a comprehensive plan on how to make use of the study materials you have at hand. In this guide, we’ll walk you through how to best use your math practice problems and how to make the best study plan possible to boost your SAT math score. The Importance of Using Proper SAT Math Study Materials Before we start in on how to use the practice materials, it’s important to talk about what study materials to use. The SAT is a very specific kind of test and a good deal of the study material available online does a poor job of replicating it. The most accurate and highest quality study material will come from the College Board itself and only prep programs that truly base their questions off this material are worth your time. Always use the highest quality study material and practice problems so that you can get the best measure of how you’ll do on test day. If you study from inferior sources, you will have an inaccurate picture of how you’ll do (for better or worse), which will only hamper your study progress. We have gathered all the best free SAT study material and practice problems, so definitely start there for all your SAT math practice problem needs. Only the best SAT study materials are worth your time (so says Study Dog). How to Begin- Identifying Your Current Strengths and Weaknesses First things first, you need torun a diagnostic! Step 1:Take a Full-Length SAT Practice Test If you haven’t taken one already, start by taking a full practice testto gauge your current score and percentile. Though you may be more focused on improving your math score right now, you will still need to take a full test so that you can best replicate a real testing environment. You won’t truly know where your weaknesses or strengths on the test are without first taking the test. You also won’t know how your math scores fit into your larger test-taking picture if you only take the math sections by themselves. The SAT is a marathon and scores will fluctuate depending on your energy and concentration levels over the course of the entire test. So you’ll only get a full picture of your current levels if you take the complete test all together. This is a baseline, so be honest. Only then will you be able to tell where you’re starting and how far you have to go. So treat your practice runas you would the real test- adhere to the timing rules, don’t stop and look things up, and skip questions you don’t feel you can answer accurately. And, as you go through, make sure to mark your questions. Put a mark any time you feel unsure about a question and cross out any eliminated answer options. This will help you to identify patterns in your overall test-taking later. Step 2:Examine Your Test-Taking Patterns Once you’ve corrected your practice test, look at your spread of right and wrong answers. Are there any patterns to the distribution? There are two broad ways to categorizeyour mistakes: by location on the test and by type of content. See if you can organize your errors accordingly. There will be three SAT math sections on any given practice test, two that are entirely multiple choice and one that is a combination of multiple choice and grid-in. The multiple choice only sections are arranged in order of ascending difficulty, so the last problem of a math section will be much harder than the first question. On the combination multiple choice and grid-in SAT math section, the questions will go in ascending order of difficulty for the multiple choice and then will reset for the grid-in. So question 8 (multiple choice) will be much more difficult than question 10 (grid-in). What this all means is that if your errors on the SAT math sections mostly appear in certainlocations, your mistakes are probably related to the difficulty level of the problems. To spot patterns of location-based errors, ask yourself whether you are: Missing questions over the entire math section, seemingly evenly throughout? Missing mostly the grid-in questions? (For some students, the grid-in section is exponentially more difficult than the multiple choice section and can be a large source of lost points.) Missing several questions in the early range of the multiple choice or grid-in? (Though it is normal to miss some or even several questions on the overall SAT math section, try to carefully analyze and improve upon your mistakes in this earliest range. These earlier questions will be the quickest and "simplest" to solve for the whole math section and so will net you a nice cushion of points if you can grab them.) Missing questions in a cluster in the mid-range of each math section? (This is where the questions transition from "easy" to "medium-level" difficulty and that transition can trip many students up.) Missing mostly the last questions in each section? (These are the "high difficulty" questions and are difficult for most students.) You may also begetting questions wrong by topic. Take a close look at each of your errors to see if there is a topic-specific pattern to your errors. To spot trends incontent errors, ask yourself whether you are: Getting all or most questions wrong in a particular topic, no matter where the questions are located in the test? (E.g., are you missing allpolygonquestions, whether they appear as question 2 or question 20?) Getting questions wrong by topic only in the medium or high level difficulty? (For instance, can you solve your "easy"slopequestions, but miss all the "difficult" slope questions?) Having a seemingly even spread of right and wrong answers by topic throughout the test? (If you answered questions 4 and 14 onfunctionscorrectly, but missed question 9, it may have less to do with your understanding of functions as atopicand more to do with the phrasing of the question or the speed at which you were taking the test. Take a careful look at each problem to see if you can spot the pattern.) The less familiar you are with a particular math topic, the harder it will be to answer the variety of problems on it that you’ll see on the SAT. Take a look at ourindividual math guidesfor topic-specific help and practice questions for any of your SAT math topic problem areas. Most people will start out their SAT practice by missing a combination of location-specific and topic-specific questions, so don’t worry if your pattern starts out this way too. As you get more and more used to both the material and thewaythe SATteststhis material, you’ll narrow your range of wrong answers and increase your accuracy in both fields. Step 3: Make a List of Your SAT Math Strengths and Weaknesses Now that you’ve looked at your test-taking patterns, make a list on a separate piece of paper of all the math topics in which you missed questions. In addition, make a list of the types of errors you made. Why make a list of the type of error? There is a big difference between errors on the SAT math test- not knowing how to approach a question at all is very different than misreading a question. You’ll need to examine exactly what kinds of errors you’ve made so that you can learn to avoid them in the future. Types of errors include: Finding the wrong variable or final value This is one of the most common errors, especially on problems where you must find an "unusual" final answer. For instance, the problem may ask you to find the value of 2x for your final solution, when your natural instinct is to find the value of x alone. Misreading the question This can include misreading any value or variable in the overall question or simply misreading what the question is asking you to do. For example, in a word problem, did you mix up "Tom" and "Tina"? Did you read "subtract" as "square"? It is easy to make assumptions or to mix up similar words if you're going too quickly through your problems. Stopping your solve too early or too late In a problem that requires multiple steps, you may accidentally find yourself stopping a step or two too early or going a step or two too far. For instance, if you are tasked with finding the 12th number in a sequence and you're counting by hand, you might accidentallyfind the th or 13th number in the sequence instead. Many answer choices are generated by this type of error, so be extra cautious in only taking the exact number of steps necessary. Not knowing how to approach the question at all Whether it's the wording of the question or the math topic involved, sometimes you'll find yourself completely flummoxed. You may not know how to set up the solve to the problem in the slightest, or you may try and fail to set up the solve. Either way, this is a problem that leaves you stymied. Mixing up or forgetting your formulas Though you will be given a formula box, it can be easy to misremember or mix up your formulas in the heat of the moment. If you need to find the area of a circle, make sure you're using the area formula and not the circumference formula. Note: don’t take â€Å"careless errors† like misreading the question or finding the wrong final value lightly! The SAT is designed to make you make these kinds of errors, so don’t just assume you’ll make the correct choices next time. You’ve got to commit yourself to slowing down and identifying what the question is truly asking you. Always double check to make sure your answer matches exactly what they’re asking you to find. You've lined 'em up, now let's knock 'em down! How to Proceed: Using SAT Math Practice Questions to Raise Your Score You’ve got your baseline, so how do you use your practice material to up your score? Let’s take a look. 1) Now that you’ve identified your areas of strength and weakness, take the time to brush up on those math topics that lie in your weak zone. It’s not enough to assail yourself with practice problem after practice problem if you still don’t understand the material- you must first understand both the ins and outs of the particular math topic as well as how you’ll see it tested on the SAT. Our SAT math guidesare tailored to reflect and demonstrate how each topic is presented on the SAT, so you won’t have to waste time reading and memorizing more strategies and facts than you absolutely need to. This way, you’ll also keep your practice problems â€Å"fresh.† It’s no use throwing yourself against a wall of function problems if you’ve never studied functions in school. It will only leave you with no new material to study from once you’ve brushed up on how to solve function problems. Practice will only help you so much if you don’t know how to even approach a particular topic. Only then, once you’ve learned what you need to learn, will your practice problems solidify the knowledge in your head and get you to where you need to be- polishing up your topic skills so that you’re ready for test day. 2) When you do find practice questions, always try to solve them yourself first without looking to the answer. When looking over new problems, don't just look at the problem and go immediately to the answer. The answer explanation might make sense and even make you feel as though you would have been able to solve the problem yourself, but this feeling can be deceiving. Solving a puzzle yourself and understanding how a puzzle was solved require two entirely different parts of your brain. Always (always!) try to solve a problem yourself first and commit to an answer choice, before you look up the answer. Even if your answer choice is that you would skip it if you saw it on test day, it is better to make a decision, rather than imbuing yourself with false confidence in your current abilities. Remember- you can only improve if you have an accurate picture of your current skill level. 3) Once you’ve brushed up on the topic, take practice problems in multiples at a time, as if you were truly working on the test. As you solve your practice questions, don’t solve questions one at a time and stop to look up the answer after each one. Though you may be tempted to know exactly how well you've done after solving each problem, this kind of pacing does NOT give you an accurate picture of how you’ll do on test day and can hamper your progress. (Remember: you won’t be able to verify whether your answers are correct or not on test-day- you simply have to do your best and move forward on multiple questions at a time.) Even if you don’t always sit down to take a full test or a full math section at once, it is still better to answer two or three questions at a time than it is to simply answer one. 4) If a topic can use multiple solving methods for its problems, try all the different ways in order to find the one most comfortable for you. Many questions can be solved in several different ways. Plugging in answers and plugging in numbers are strategies that work for a large variety of questions, but there are others as well. For instance, systems of equations questions can be solved by graphing, subtraction, or substitution, while sequence and distance questions can be solved via formulas or by working them out by hand. These are just some examples, and each of our guideswill go into further detail. The point remains that most every SAT question is purposefully designed to be solved in multiple ways and different methods work best for different people. So once you’ve finished solving your set of problems, go back and solve them again using a different strategy. Compare this to the first time- which method did you like better? Which was faster? Which made you feel the most confident in your answer? 5) Pace yourself (and your practice questions) Though it may be tempting to get your studying out of the way, do NOT cram all your studying in one go! Improvement happens over time and you must pace yourself to get the most out of your prep time. In addition, if you blow through all your practice problems at once, you won't have anything else to work with fresh. Again, solving a puzzle yourself and understanding how a puzzle was solved are two very different concepts, so try to pace out your fresh material and your review material so that you can use both parts of your brain in your study prep. 6) Sign up for a test-prep program if you feel you need more material than the free practice questions available. If you feel you’ve exhausted your free study material, then definitely sign up for a test-prep program or buy one of the official study guides available, like the Official SAT Study Guide. Not only can a prep program provide you with additional material, but can also help you make the most out of your study time. Our SAT study program at PrepScholar automatically targets your areas of strength and weakness and tailors your studying to you and your needs. No need to assess your patterns yourself- we’ll do all the work for you! There are many paths for doing well on your SAT and, with experimentation and diligence, you'll find the best one for you. The Take-Aways The SAT is unlike most tests you’ll ever come across- it is long, tricky, and very specifically designed. Going into it blind (or poorly prepared) rarely ends well for anyone. The more you can prepare, and the better that preparation is, the better you’ll do on the test, hands down. So make sure your study material always comes from the best sources and that you use this material to its absolute best effect while studying. Your goal is to train your brain to look at and solve puzzles in the way that the SAT wants you to, and most people can only do so with focused effort and practice. Always remember that success on the SAT is entirely doable and, indeed, trainable. Once you know how to hone your focus and target specific areas to study, you’ll be mastering your SAT math questions in no time. What’s Next? You've taken a look at your SAT test-taking patterns, so now it may be time to check out ourindividual SAT math guidesto help you brush up on any topic that was not too familiar to you. Running out of time on the SAT math section?If you found that you didn't have enough time to finish your SAT math sections, check outour guide for how to beat the clock and maximize your SAT math score. Unsure about your SAT math formulas?Make sure you know which formulas you'll be given and which you'll have to memorizeand thencheck out how to use that knowledge to its best effect. Looking to get a perfect score?Ourguide to getting a perfect 800 on SAT math(written by a perfect-scorer!) will help get you to where you need to be. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Critically evaluate the statement that 'leadership can make a Essay

Critically evaluate the statement that 'leadership can make a difference to organisational performance' - Essay Example The renewed interest in interest in leadership has come from the constantly changing environment in which organisations began facing from the later part of the last century. The new challenges have brought out the importance of leadership in organisations as executive jobs become more a leadership job rather than a management job. In general the concept of leadership is very powerful and "capable of conveying much more than can be contained within a concise definition". (Sadler 2003 p, 2)The definition of leadership can be viewed from two angles; one as a process in an organisation where persons at various levels exert non-coercive influence to direct and coordinate various members of organisation towards its goals and the other from the point of view of property of individuals i.e. as a set of behavior characteristics, personal qualities by which an individual successfully exerts influence, again, to direct and coordinate (Moorhead 2000, p, 352). The word coercive is what distinguishes between the act of a manager who (could if necessary) exerts influence by virtue of the power and position he holds and the leader who does it without. A good manager necessarily need not mean a good leader and vice versa. In the organizational contest, a good leader will have to be a good manager, if he were to be successful. There are many ways in which the difference between managerial way of seeing and doing things and leader ways of doing and seeing things can be distinguished. "Managers does things right, the leader does the right things. "(Bennis 1989, p4). A manager's role in an organisation is described in terms of goal setting, planning organizing and controlling. Very often he gets people to do things by virtue of authority of his office, his dealings with people (customers, employees) is based on contractual aspects and position. The leader's role is to create and articulate vision and create directions; communicate and persuade all stakeholders to work towards it; empower, energize, facilitate, align and motivate people to work in a way that organisations and the individual goals are met. However an ideal leader in terms of domain knowledge, technical competence, conceptual skills etc. will be as good as the manager. Describing the performance of Jell Barad as CEO of Mattel, Moorehead (2000, p 354) shows her to be an ideal combination of manager and leader. These differences are somewhat derived from the transactional and transformational theories of leadership. The manager way of doing things is attributed to the transactional theory of leadership, whereas leader ways of doing things is related to transformational theory of leadership. Lee Iacocca's turnaround of Chrysler motors is shown as a typical case of transformational leadership. Typically a manger kind of role for executives is described as one that is suitable in an environment that is stable, orderly and predictable and the leader role as one most important in a changing and dynamic environment, a situation of constant change such as one organisations face today. Leadership theories There are several theories of leadership based on property. Early theories tried to identify traits and behavior which were the hallmark of good leaders, based on a historical study. Initially studies tried to

Influential Business Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Influential Business Leader - Essay Example His success can be attributed to his unambiguous entrepreneurial quality, â€Å"dogged leadership† and of course his â€Å"philanthropic† interest. Bill Gates is no doubt the undisputed king of computer sciences and engineering. Born in 1955, he got acquainted with digital computers when he was in the seventh grade and after that he worked on several computer projects. His entrepreneurial ability was evident at a very early stage of his life when he along with his friend Paul Allen founded the company Traf-Data when they were still in school. In this company they used the Intel 8008 microprocessor to assist in monitoring and controlling the traffic of Seattle. He enrolled at Harvard but he never had a particular study plan so he had dropped out and went ahead with his friend to lay the foundation of his company, Microsoft. The writing of the software program, Altair BASIC, with the help of his friend Allen was the first biggest achievement of Gates. At the time of Bill Gates the knowledge about computers were very much limited. Being a man with creative thinking he took advantage of the situation and became an expert in program ming. His contribution towards the computer industry cannot be questioned. He is also a role model for generations to come as his success stories reveal hard work and â€Å"persistence†. (Emdee) Bill Gates’ is also very much known for his philanthropist activities. He has donated money all over the world and had played a major role in reducing poverty and also has helped in the enhancement of better medical facilities. He has also helped in the expansion of education all over the world. He has also donated to aid the aids victims. According to Forbes Magazine (2004), Bill Gates had been giving $29 billion for charities since 2000 (â€Å"Bill Gate’s philanthropy†). Bill Gates’ life had been like a fairy tale. A Harvard drop out to being the world’s richest man is a journey indeed very remarkable.

Family Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Values - Essay Example And when the mother is not there and the child gets hurt (in an accident at the playing field) it is the brothers and sisters who take care of their sibling. Home and family atmosphere is enriched and strengthens by a belief in helping out each other, confessing and positively reacting to human needs for comfort and a lifelong support. This also involves viewing other’s mistakes as humans and not robots because computers and robots are not programmed to forgive or forget (Petersons, 2003). The members of the family know that human needs are satiated through effective and productive relationships. That is why even when there is a fight, it eventually ends as family members succumb to their dependence on other family members and this serves to strengthen the family bonds. Only the physical wellbeing is not necessary. Healthy mental and cognitive development is also the need for healthy life. That is why two most crucial aspects in the development of healthy and productive (to the society and to the family) behavior nurture at home, not the GPs clinic. These aspects are; Families that are live like a closely knitted unit and take care of each other form a real impetus of a healthy lifestyle. This concept is deeply rooted in nursing theories. Following are the fundamental concepts that are tied with family care in my area of practice. (a) Commitment: committing to anything, person, notion, philosophy or object bears the fruit. Same principle applies in nursing practice and the model of family care. This concept of family care applies not only in my area of practice but on all forefronts. Commitment is just another name for will power. And it is this will power that makes the family stay united and look out for each other. (b) Appreciation and affection: It is only natural for parents to encourage their young ones when they achieve even

The Pros And Cons Of Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay

The Pros And Cons Of Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay Nowadays, as the problem of greenhouse gases emissions is getting more serious, Carbon-negative biofuels represent the first potentially huge assault on the problem, in ways that are already technically feasible and practicable (Mathews, 2008). Scientists are having their research on how to ease or solve these problems. The topic of biofuels is being more popular in the recent years because it has the most potential to be a significant source of energy. Biomass is providing a surprisingly large amount of the worlds energy 10% of total global primary energy consumption (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Advantages of biofuels Safety Biofuels are safe to handle and transport because they are biodegradable, much less toxic than even table salt (ten times), and have high flashpoints of about 300oF compared to gasoline and petroleum diesel fuel (diesel has a flash point of 125 F, for comparison) (Biodiesel Chemical Safety Data Oxford University). Because of its safety, the number of incidence of severe vehicle fires can be reduced, and its safety making it to be one of the safest of all alternative fuels. Also, biofuels produce fewer by-products than conventional hydrocarbon based fuels after combustion or burning. The conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels will produced a greater output of some noxious by-product, for example, carbon monoxide. That means, biofuels could lead to less localized smog in urban centers (Charles et al). Energy security and saving money An opportunity of developing countries to enhance national energy security has been provided by biofuels, by reducing expenditures and dependence on fluctuated price of oil. For example, Brazil, she started the biofuels programme when the oil prices increase in 1970. The initial biofuels programme took about 4 billion US dollars, and nowadays 100 billion US dollars are saved because of the programme (Raswant et al., 2008). For the world, there is the potential for expanded ethanol production to replace 10% of the worlds gasoline with enthanol that is 25 to 30 billion gallons (Charles et al., 2007). 2.3 Agriculture development The introduction of biofuels can help bring modern energy services to rural areas particularly. 75% of the worlds poor can be employed due to the greater investment are fostered. On the other hand, biofuels industry can also create new job opportunities in rural areas and a major new source of income for farmers can also be provided. And farmers can enter a market with higher prices and rising demand by producing transportation fuel. Growing energy crops is more likely to attract the kind of foreign investment that can modernize their agricultural practices as well as increase their food production (Energy Future Coalition, 2007). Carbon-negative Biofuels is carbon negative fuel because it can remove carbon that in the atmosphere and the theory is: biofuels can draws carbon by photosynthesis (growing of biomass). The technical means of turning biofuels carbon negative are already available. The following is the explanation of the difference between carbon positive, carbon neutral and carbon negative fuels. Firstly, carbon positive fuel, it provides negative effect to climate because the fuels are drawn from fossil fuel deposits, and burned thus releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Secondary, carbon neutral fuels, theses fuels will absorb carbon dioxide when they grow, but the same amount of carbon will release back into the atmosphere when burnt. This is definitely a carbon-neutral cycle. Finally, carbon negative fuels, these fuels will also absorb carbon dioxide when they grow as well as carbon neutral fuels, but the difference is when carbon negative fuels burn and used as fuel, not the same amount of carbon dioxide which absorb when they grow will release, they tend to release small amount into the atmosphere. In other words, these fuels can reduce carbon dioxide (Mathew, 2008). Diagram source: http://biopact.com/2007/10/strange-world-of-carbon-negative.html. Convenience Biofuels is convenience because it does not require changes to switch to use compare with the other renewable energy, for example, solar energy and wind energy. (Want to know it, 2010). For the transport vehicle, Use of bio-diesel and bio-petrol do not require any change in the vehicle engine (Times internet limit, 2008). 3. Disadvantages Soil degradation The more alternative energy sources, for example biofuels, the greater the demand of agricultural land. Such as Amazon basin, scientist predicted deforestation will escalate, with growing amounts of virgin rainforest being cleared for farmland, thus greater soil degradation are going to ensue (Charles et al). Impact on water resources Increase the use of biofuels will definitely increase the use of water resources, such as: water will be used for the irrigation of crops used as feedstock for biodiesel production and water is used for boiling and cooling in the process of producing biofuels in refineries. (Energetics Incorporated Columbia, 2007). And the use of water resources is keep increasing, for example, in the United States, the number of ethanol factories has already increased from 50 in 2000 to about 140 in 2008 and 60 is constructing, this trend represent the consumption of water is getting serious (Julian Rubin, 2008). Soil erosion, deforestation and loss of biodiversity On a small scale, as the carbon compounds in waste biomass are consumed by other microorganism, they break down the biomass in the soil to produce valuable nutrients that are necessary for crops. Lets move on to a larger scale, plant biomass waste provides small wildlife habitat. And when human use the biomass to produce biofuels, the organisms and natural habitats are to be threatened. For Soil erosion, when cellulosic ethanol is produced from feedstock like switchgrass and saw grass, the nutrients that required to grow the lignocellulose are removed and cannot be processed by microorganisms to replenish the soil nutrients, then the soil is of poorer quality. For the deforestation, lets have an example, Amazon rainforest, in order to produce sugar cane for ethanol fuel in Brazil, an areas have been cleared by burning and slashing techniques, large scale of deforestation was conducted, the major plant is mature trees, which can help remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, and this function is more efficient than sugar can or most other biofuels do. This deforestation is therefore contributes to un-sustainable global warming atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, loss of habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity (Julian Rubin, 2008). Problems caused to car engine Nowadays, Biodiesel is using in order to replace petrol diesel in car engine, and biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, some problems occur when using biodiesel, such as, coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the lubricating oil, it is because of the higher viscosity and density, lower heating value and lower cetane number of vegetable oils. The following table show the above disadvantages of vegetable oils as diesel fuel compare with D2 fuel (Kralova and Sjoblom, 2010). Table Source: Kralova and Sjoblom, 2010 4. Conclusion To conclusion, biofuels have advantages and disadvantages, for the advantages, biofuels is safe because it has high flesh point, enhance national energy security and help countries saving money from import oil. Also, it can bring modern technology to rural area, and create job opportunity. And the most important advantages are, using biofuels can definitely ease the problem of carbon emission. On the other hand, biofuels have disadvantages as well, deforestation rate will increase, thus affect the biodiversity. And more water resources will be used. Lastly, using of biofuels in car engine will bring harms to the engine. Recommendation From the advantages and disadvantages which has discussed above, yes, it does help ease the problems of global warming from reducing carbon or provides benefit, but biofuel still have lot of hurdles to tackle. Therefore, it is too early to say that biofuels are the significant energy in the future. In my opinion, the research on biofuels should keep going and it would be great if more generations of biofuel appear, then the uses of biofuel can be apply and spread more widely. On the other hand, deforestation should not be employed, because it will totally affect the biodiversity, not only the biodiversity, but also soil.

Aids: Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome :: essays research papers

AIDS: Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome I am doing a report on AIDS, I don't know much about AIDS but I will tell you what I know. I know that it is transmitted by sexual contact,blood,needles,children during/before birth. I also know it affects the immune system directly, It is caused by the virus HIV which they have no cure for either AIDS or HIV at the current moment, but they are doing serious research on them. I call it the "Generation X Disease" because it mostly affects my sex- oriented generation. It is currently one of the leading causes of death in the USA and the death rate is increasing drastically! It it the perfect virus of the ninties because of how it is transmitted is like what the ninties is about... sex and drugs(what a great generation huh). Everyone's doing drugs and having pre-marital sex at a young irresponsable age, it's getting so bad I am beginning to believe that I am the only normal person left. You used to only be able to get an HIV test at your doctor, but now they have home tests that are confidential. You go to the store pick one up prick your finger then mail in the blood sample, in about two or three weeks you call in and enter your special pin number and they give you your results. I think this is cool but there has to be some drawbacks like them getting samples messed up and it getting mixed up in the mail or other stupid things like that, like if you really don't have the disease but you get someone elses reading who does have HIV. Thats about all I know about this horrible disease,so ill move on to what I found when I reaserched this topic. I went on the internet to find some of my information, and i used different books the librarian recommended me to read on AIDS and HIV. AIDS appears to be constantly changing it's genetic structure so it makes it very hard to find a cure for it, and very hard for the body to make antibodies. This makes development of a vaccine that is able to raise protective antibodies to all virus strands a difficult task. I also found out that they have made so much progress in finding a cure because they know so much about it now. The only known chemical that is effective in reducing reactions/symptoms, is the chemical zidovudine which was formerly called azidothymidine(AZT). Which was developed in 1987. It is indicated thet few if any are likely to survive the

A Literary Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

This paper analyzes   the novel Frankenstein. It is subdivided into two parts. The first part is a thematic analysis of the novel and the second part is a discourse analysis of the novel. Specifically it seeks to answer the following: what are the major themes of the novel; what are the discourses contained in and articulated by the novel?Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus is a famous novel by Mary Shelley. It was completed on May 1817, when Mary was just nineteen years of   age. It was made while she and her husband Percey Bysshe Shelley were on their summer vacation with Lord Byron in the Alps (â€Å"Frankenstein† ). With the best writers in England, Mary offered her contribution to the literary classics, the famous Frankenstein novel, which became famous in two genres: Science Fiction and horror (Milner, p.149).Thematic Analysis of FrankensteinThe novel Frankenstein is centered on four major themes: ignorance versus knowledge, injustice in world, in a feminist viewp oint—equality of men and women, and murders explained from the viewpoint of the murderers. Among many other themes, these four, in my opinion, are the major themes and therefore should be expounded.The novel was written in the early phase of the industrial revolution (â€Å"Analysis of Frankenstein†), that is, when science and technology was initially progressing. From this premise I can say that the novel is an attempt to criticize the existing social condition, that is to say, the novel criticizes the progress of science and the acquisition of knowledge. Shelley’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   use of the character Victor Frankenstein, the medical doctor who created a being more superior to the present race of men, explains my point. Even though Victor is knowledgeable enough to create life, he is still bounded by his imperfections. He created a killing monster instead—The Frankenstein Monster. This suggests that science could unravel the m ysteries of nature, but knowledge is still too dangerous for man to acquire. The novel suggests that knowledge is dangerous like when Victor discovered the mystery of life. knowledge is a monster.Furthermore, the novel suggests that some knowledge should be kept secret from men. Some knowledge do more evil than good, as the novel suggests. It says that ignorance is good. Knowledge is evil (â€Å"Remarks on Frankenstein†).The other title for Frankenstein, The Modern Prometheus, is suggestive of the theme of this novel. Prometheus is a mythological character who gave fire to men to keep them warm (â€Å"Prometheus gave fire to Men†). But Zeus punished Prometheus for doing so. Prometheus received an eternal punishment. In connection, the fire symbolizes knowledge. In the myth, knowledge is forbidden to men just like in the novel Frankenstein. The fire can warm, but it can also kill just as knowledge can. The novel criticizes the scientist most especially, in their empiric al quest for knowledge.The character of the Monster serves dual purpose in the novel, as far my first and second themes are concerned. First, the character is a concrete articulation of knowledge. It is the product of Victor’s study and experimentation. And so, it symbolizes the fruit of knowledge. In the novel, the monster was depicted as ‘ugly, abhorred, and disgusting’ and a killer. What does it say about knowledge? It suggests that knowledge is also ugly, abhorred and disgusting—a killer, too—a monster.The second function of the Monster character in the novel points at the second theme of the novel—injustice in the world. First instance is when Victor created a lone monster, without a companion. It lamented saying that â€Å"†¦Even Satan had his companions, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him; but I am solitary and abhorred† (Shelley, p. 130). This points out that there is injustice committed to the Monster. Secondly, V ictor denied the monster a companion when the monster pleads for it. It pleads:My vices are the children of a forced solitude that I abhor, and my virtues will necessarily arise when I live in communion with an equal. I shall feel the affections of a sensitive   being, and become linked to a chain of existence and events, which I am now excluded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Shelley, 147)Instead of creating a lady monster, Victor destroyed every little chance that the monster have of waiting for his lady companion by destroying the monster he was about to give life to.Third, there is injustice in the world when the monster experienced ostracism because of its appearance. It was drawn by villagers away and was forced to live alone, and excluded from humanity (â€Å"Frankenstein†).The theme on equality between sexes, in my opinion, is evident in the novel when the Monster pleads Victor to create a lady monster. There was no hint in the novel that the monster will dominate the la dy monster because all it wanted was to have a companion whom ‘it shall feel affection to’ (p.147). The novel did not hint at the superiority of men over women, as far as the character of the monster is concerned.Lastly, the most obvious theme of the novel is murder. But in this case, there was no negative presentation of crime because the murders were explained from the viewpoint of the murderers. The murderers were presented to have logical reasons for committing the crimes [this is unique] (my emphasis). Let us take for instance the first murder case—the murder of   Victor’s brother.Although the novel may have presented a ‘shallow’ reason why the monster murdered Victor’s brother, that is, victor’s brother recited a litany of epithets to the monster, it somehow explained the reason behind the murder. The monster was too sensitive with its appearance that’s why it has over reacted to the epithets.Another murder was com mitted when Victor destroyed the lady monster he was about to give life to. Victor is also a murderer. His reason was that if he let the lady monster live, he will bring tragedy to the world by ‘producing a race of devils’. Victor’s course of action was paid for by the monster’s killing of Victor’s fiancà ©e—Elizabeth. It was the price Victor has to pay for his murderous act.One good point about this novel was that it has presented murder from the viewpoint of the murderer. Shelley has produced characters with realistic motives, that is, the characters were driven by logical reasons for committing the crimes. This is something good about this novel.In conclusion, the novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus was centered on four major themes: ignorance is good and knowledge is evil; injustice in the world; equality of men and women; and murders as explained from the viewpoint of the murderers.A Discourse Analysis of the novelDiscourse theo ry of Foucault can be applied to the Frankenstein Story. Foucault defines discourse as a way of thinking shared by a particular group of people at a particular place and time producing truth and power and controlling actions. It is a lived way of thinking deeply inculcated into individuals. Individuals become the subjects of discourses (Foucault, pp 21-30 ).Applying the theory of discourse, let us examine the discourses or ways of thinking which the story of Frankenstein articulate. What kinds of discourse are inculcated into individuals by the novel Frankenstein?Man as God and the Dawn of Scientific RevolutionThe story exemplifies man as a God. The giving of a life to an inanimate object is an act only reserved toa God. Yet in the story, man created life through Victor’s creation. It suggests an era where science has triumphed. It suggests that science could be a god, in this respect. It suggests that Science can offer man the impossible– that man can be a god.Just li ke in the literary text, the movie Shelley’s Frankenstein (dir. Branagh) explicates the dawn of scientific revolution. Below is an excerpt of the conversation between Clerval and Victor:Frankenstein:   Sooner or later, the best way to cheat death will be to create life.Clerval: Now, you’ve gone too far. There’s only one God, victor.Frankenstein: No, leave God out of this. Listen, if you love someone, they have a sick   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   heart, wouldn’t you give them a healthy one?Clerval: impossible.Frankenstein: No it’s not impossible, we can do it, we’re steps away. And if we can do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that, if we can replace one part of a human being, we can replace every part. If we can do   Ã‚  Ã‚   that, we can design life. We can create a being that will not grow old or sicken. One that   Ã‚   will be stronger than us, better than us, one that will be more intelligent than us, more civilized.†From the above, we can see that what was ‘impossible’ like a giving of a healthy heart, has become a possibility in the contemporary times. Heart transplant is a commonly practiced surgery these days. And it was made possible by science. The Frankenstein novel provides this transition.Even the creation of the monster symbolizes the triumph of Science. From this story of Frankenstein, we see that Science is like a God. Science can give life, too.Imperfect Beings and Unjust WorldIt is said that we can never be perfect like God. Whatever we do, we are still incomplete and imperfect. It is only God who is perfect. This way of thinking is also exemplified by the story of Frankenstein.Victor, a medical doctor and the creator of the monster, abhorred his very creation. In his attempt to create a being superior to human race, he had created a monster instead. This suggests that man, in his efforts, cannot create a being more superior to him. Victor has labored days and nights to create a being , yet a monster, instead, breathed to life. Even the monster itself abhorred his condition.Hateful the day when I received life! I exclaimed in agony. â€Å"Accursed Creator! Why did you ever form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust?†¦Satan had his companion, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him, but I am   solitary and    abhorred. (Shelley, p.130)Similarly, God created men in his own image and likeness, but then we are not like God who is perfect. More over, with imperfect beings came the imperfect and unjust world.Because of the grotesque appearance of the monster, the villagers attacked him. Everyone was disgusted by mere seeing the monster. Because of this, the monster too became malevolent to humans. It experienced injustice from the world.Remember, that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen    angel whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Every where I see bliss, from which I alone   am irrevocabl y excluded. I was benevolent and   good; misery made me a fiend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Make me happy, and I shall again   be virtuous (Shelley, p.100)Another form of injustice made on the monster is thru Victor’s destruction of the lady monster. The monster had promised to live in peace and live in wilderness with his wife, the lady monster. The monster said:My vices are the children of a forced solitude that I abhor, and my virtues will necessarily arise when I live in communion with an equal. I shall feel the affections of a sensitive   being, and become linked to a chain of existence and events, from which I am now   Ã‚   excluded (Shelley, p.147).It was injustice to give life to a being, and let it suffer without even a friend, a loved one,not even anybody.In conclusion, the novel Frankenstein articulates the following discourses: man can be a God through Science; man is always imperfect; and the world is unjust.ConclusionThe horror science fiction of Shelley entitled Frankenstein, as my arguments pointed out, is a critique of the existing social condition of Shelley’s time—that is—the onset of industrial and scientific revolution.The novel is centered on the four major themes, namely; ignorance is good and knowledge is evil; injustice in the world; equality of men and women; and murders as explained from the viewpoint of the murderers.Frankenstein also articulates the following discourses or ways of thinking: that man can be a god through Science, and that man is always imperfect just as the world is always imperfect.Indeed, the novel has shown us that knowledge and science can bring chaos to man.Works CitedFoucault, Michel. Archeology of Knowledge and the discourse on Language. Trans. Smith,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sheridan A.M. USA: Tavistock Publication Limited. 1972Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, dir. K. Branagh (Tristar, 1994, 118 mins)Milner, Andrews. Literature, Culture and Society . London: UCL press, 1996Prometheus gave Fire to Men. No date published. A Hand-out in Mythology Class.Remarks on Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus; A Novel. No date published. April 21,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. M.K. Joseph (ed) Oxford: Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1980

buy custom 7 Most Popular Health Care Law Websites essay

buy custom 7 Most Popular Health Care Law Websites essay A federal government Website managed by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services that offers Health Care information as well as various legislations on health care. Main focus is usually on the application of law to women. It also includes health care information that touches on the quality of health care offered for the youth. It is the most popular website with over 14 Million monthly visitors. A website for Health Lawyers who seek to highlight the various issues associated with the provision of good health care practices and management of patient cass in the entire American region. Issues highlighted on this website range from clinical or medical negligence to laws that elevate the state of man regarding his health. This is another federal government website that addresses the need for coming up with reforms in the health care sector that will transform the health of the American citizens. A website that addresses health care issues among people in prison facilities; issues discussed range from quality health care conditions for prisoners to amendments to the existing health care laws among prisoners. A resource websitte for lawyers and health care practitioners which offers insight and useful information to the laws that needs to be enacted for the delivery of quality health care to the American population. A website that covers the various areas of health care that needs to be addressed by the various players of health care management and reforms. This is an internationally acclaimed health care consultancy website that provides information on the various issues in health care with much detail centered towards persons with disabilities, low-income consumers and the elderly (Gugliotta). Buy custom 7 Most Popular Health Care Law Websites essay

On International Environmental Law †Book Summary

On International Environmental Law – Book Summary Free Online Research Papers On International Environmental Law Book Summary International Environmental Law in a Nutshell, which is written by Lakshman D. Guruswamy and Brent R. Hendricks, introduces the relevant concepts of international environmental law(IEL), contemplates the socio- scientific evidence confronting lawmakers and addresses the resulting corpus of substantive law. Expert authors cover international environmental problems such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. Generally, this book can be divided into three parts: Part one, which consists of Chapter one, two and three, discusses the basic concepts of the international environmental law, such as the definition of the international environmental law, the sources and forms of the international environmental law and so on. Part two, including fourteen chapters, from Chapter Four to Chapter Seventeen, emphasizes the specific international environmental problems, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change and etc. Part Three, the last part, Chapter Eighteen, draws the blueprint of the future of the international environmental law. The first part of this book (Chapter one, two and three) illustrates the basic and important concepts of the international environmental law, which can help students, especially the ones who have not studied the IEL at all, clearly understand what the IEL is, what makes the IEL different from the other international laws, what constitutes the IEL and how the IEL become effective. Although the definition of the IEL can be diverse, this book gives the most understandable one to the students. In the first page of this book, it is written that â€Å"International Environmental Law (IEL) bears a name that reflects the content. At its substantive core, IEL endeavors to control pollution and the depletion of natural resources within a framework of sustainable development†¦ IEL is formally a branch of nation states for nation states, to govern problems that arise between nation states. † Then, the authors distinguish the IEL from traditional international law in two aspects. â€Å"First, its creation and vigorous, if uneven growth, owe much to national environmental laws and policies. Nation states frequently have entered into landmark international agreements and practices, driven largely by the momentum of law, regulation, and policies applicable to their own environmental problems, and not necessarily because of the gravity of international problems. Second, the law- making in IEL has been shaped primarily by bio- physical not geo- political forces, and this communal foundation has at times sheltered it from the disfiguring political dissension found in other areas of international law. These two factors have inevitably, albeit asymmetrically, infused the objectives of national environmental regulatory laws, and the conceptual frameworks of environmental sciences, into the corpus of IEL. † To wholly study IEL, it is crucial for students to grasp the substantive corpus of the IEL. And in authors’ view, there are several types of the sources of the IEL: treaties, customary law, general principles of law and judicial decisions. 1,Treaties â€Å"are written agreements governed by international law, entered into between two or more states, creating or restating legal rights and duties.† Treaties are the principle source of IEL, owing to the nature of environmental problems. â€Å"These problems range over a wide spectrum of future contingencies. Moreover, they demand continuous observation and monitoring, as well as quick legal action and implementation in response to ongoing and relatively rapid changes in scientific knowledge and conclusions†¦ None of the four sources of IEL can fulfill all of these requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And treaties, vague and nebulous, need to be interpreted so that they can be implemented. Usually, in the opinion of the authors , the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is perhaps the best known international courts, but the ICJ depends on the acquiescence of the parties for its jurisdiction. Also, the authors introduce the conflict between the treaties and other international laws. 2, Customary law â€Å"refers largely to unwritten law inferred from the conduct of states (practice) undertaken in the belief that they were bound to do so by law.† And customary law mainly comes from the forms, such as the national legislation, diplomatic notes and correspondence and statements and votes by governments in international organizations and forums of varying kinds and etc. One of the weaknesses of custom is that they are all unwritten and uncodified, so one way to remedy this shortcoming is to codify or re-state customary law, thus making it known and accessible. 3, General principles of law. It is of the great importance when some articles of a statute â€Å"need to be interpreted in accordance with its ordinary or plain meaning, in context, and in light of its object and purpose.† 4, Judicial decisions. â€Å"The statute of the ICJ restricts the role of judicial decisions to that of a ‘subsidiary means for the determination of riles of law’ however, judicial decisions still play an important role in any system of customary law by restating, codifying, and clarifying the often uncertain and usually unwritten customary law.† The authors also list the other sources of law, such as the writings of the most highly qualified publicists or scholars, resolutions, declarations, action plans and so on. In the first part of this book, the authors introduce the landmark developments of IEL from 1972 to the presentthe historical continuum, which helps us better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the subject. It includes five historical conferences that have influences on the development of the IEL; they are The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The 1982 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea. The World Commission on Environment and Development. The 1992 United Nation Conference on Environment and Development. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. What weights most in these three chapters is the implementation. It is said that â€Å"most international treaties require implementation within individual nation states. Implementation of treaty obligations, however, is hampered by the fact that the vertical command and control power structure governing domestic politics within nations is conspicuously absent within the international legal order. In international society, power or authority rests on a horizontal base made up of coequal sovereign states, and can be built into a pyramidal structure only if these nations consent to and join in such an endeavor. While piecemeal building upon the base has resulted in the substantive corpus of IEL noted in Chapter One, there is no overarching pyramid of authority consisting of law- making, law- interpreting, law- implementing, or law- enforcing institutions.† So, the authors start discussing the many international organizations that facilitate the implementation of IEL, the complia nce mechanism, the diplomatic avenues and judicial remedies. It is in the view of the authors that despite the impressive growth of IEL and its expanding domain, there is still no single institution or organization that serves environmental protection in the way that the World Trade Organization (WTO) advances, interprets, implements, and enforces the concept of free trade. The institutions and organizations enlisted to advance IEL are fractured, fragmented, and divided along functional, regional, bureaucratic, and geo- political lines. In the global area, there are institutions and organizations, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and so on. In th e regional area, there are many institutions also become a part of role in developing IEL, and European Union (EU) is the most advanced form of international organization in the world and is evolving into a continent- wide political confederation. Still, many treaties have set up institutional arrangements (or rudimentary international organizations) for their implementation. For example, the sporadic conference of the parties under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is one way to implement the treaties. And, the Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are playing an increasingly important role in IEL, such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Although there are so many institutions and organizations in the World, they do not enjoy or exercise the power and authority of national legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that supervise and enforce the implementation of laws within nation states. Then, it is important that the substantive rules of international law should first possess an internal force or dynamic that makes sense to the parties and invokes an attitude of compliance rather than non-compliance. There are two ways that lead to compliance, first, treaty negotiators try to formulate and endow substantive rules with some compliance-generating character. Second, conventions or treaties also create institutions and techniques that induce compliance. The authors give some examples to illustrate how the two ways, especially latter way, form the compliance mechanism. Many environmental treaties require that parties explore diplomatic and other means of settling their differences before resorting to judicial or quasi-judicial dispute settlement. Such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects and so on. Therefore, the diplomatic avenues become a way to settle the international environmental problems. Apart from regulatory regimes supervised by or through agencies established by treaty, judicial enforcement provides another avenue for securing compliance with the law. Judicial remedies may be used to obtain specific items of compliance and can act as deterrents by bringing embarrassment, perhaps ignominy, to bear on wrongdoing states. More commonly judicial or quasi-judicial remedies within IEL are invoked through inter-state litigation, and are based on the grievance remedial principles of â€Å"state responsibility† or international trot law. And then, the authors explain in detail on the judicial avenue to resort the problems caused by the traditional ways. 1, Jurisdiction, jurisdiction can prove to be a difficult obstacle. In the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict case, the ICJ defined the concept to include legal capacity or status, and held that it lacked jurisdiction because the WHO was unable to demonstrate legal capacity. However, d espite these defects, judicial remedies can prove to be an effective way of implementation the law if they are administered by a tribunal having compulsory and binding jurisdiction like the UNCLOS tribunals, and if the tribunals assume a more activist role in interpreting and applying the substantive law. 2, Accountability for transboundary environmental harms, in this part, the authors use the accountability for transboundary harms in 1955 to illustrate the specific way of how the ILC to deal with the codification of the law, including the application of SR, international liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law, civil liability, conclusion, the effectiveness of international environmental law, the relationship between IEL and domestic law,. In the second part of this book, the authors detailedly enumerate the problems that facing people, such as population, biodiversity, global climate change, ozone depletion, Antarctica, toxic and hazardous substances, land and vessel- based pollution, transboundary water pollution, desertification, and nuclear damage. And in every single chapter, the authors usually illustrate in a way as the nature of the problem, and then the legal response. One, Population. Needless to say, the growth of global population has dramatically increased to an extent that the earth we live can no longer afford. On the basis of the statistics, â€Å"it took until approximately 1804 for the global population to reach 1 billion, this figure doubled to 2 billion by 1927- a span of only 123 years. The global population reached 3 billion in 1960 (33years); 4 billion in 1974 (14year); and 5 billion in 1987 (13year). It then took a mere 12 years for the global population to reach the current level of approximately 6 billion people in 1999.† And without doubt, the numbers will continue rising in the future, so what directly induces from the unchecked population growth is that the resources on the earth will not meet the need of everyone. Meantime, the environmental impacts of population growth are ubiquitous and universal. For instance, population growth has a direct impact on agricultural resources. The demand for food created from population growth has necess itated an increase in required cropland area at the expense of natural ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. In order to introduce the remedial objectives, the authors first illustrate the theories on population growth. They are the Malthusian apocalypse and neo-Malthusian, economic transition and redistributional theories of population growth. Although the two theories are poles apart, they both seriously believe that the growth of population must be checked. So, the authors relate on the legal response on the growth of population. The approach fashioned and proclaimed at the â€Å"Earth Summit† the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), hopes to integrate economic development, social development and environmental protection without compromising the needs of present and future generations. In the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, the result is a comprehensive plan that incorporates ideas from many theories. Though there is controversy in this Program of Action, this is one big step of humans to give methods on balancing the growth of population and other problems. Two, Biodiversity Biodiversity sustains life on earth by maintaining atmospheric quality, regulating local climates, absorbing pollutants, protecting watersheds, and generating and maintaining soils. Despite the fact that biodiversity plays an important role in the humans life, it is suffering from loss, and mainly based on the â€Å"use-value† of species and ecosystems, within economic, ecological, and aesthetic frameworks, also on ethical values, which are different than use-values and arises from a belief in the intrinsic worth of a species. The primary cause of the loss of biodiversity is habitat destruction resulting from the expansion of human population and activities. And other direct causes include invasion by introduced species, over-exploitation of biological resources, industrial agriculture and forestry, pollution, and potentially, global climate change. In order to meet people’s needs for biological resources while ensuring that those resources last indefinitely, it is crucial for all the humans to conserve the species biodiversity, and it must be based on global frameworks of equity and justices as well as sustainable development. And the legal response to the conservation includes the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity, Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. The CBD is a framework treaty which possesses only the power to seek appropriate forms of cooperation with the executive bodies of other biodiversity conventions. And in order to fully understand this treaty, the authors bring us to the two overriding principles in this framework convention: (1) Equity and Resources Transfers, (2) Sustainable Development (Conservation and Sustainable Use). After the authors pay more attention to detailedly illustrate the two principles and thus we can see how important these two principles are in the framework treaty. The Cartagena Protocol on Biodiversity is a supplementary agreement to the CBD, which acted upon the Art 19(3) of CBD: â€Å"The parties shall consider the need for and modalities of a proto col setting out appropriate procedures, including, in particular, advance informed agreement, in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of any living modified organism resulting from biotechnology that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.† And thus the protocol aims at the detailed aspect on the biotechnology which can make a contribution towards achieving the objectives of the Convention if developed and used with adequate safety measures for the environment and human health. The International Treaties Related to Biological Diversity includes: The 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES), The 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), The 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), The 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Mig ratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Conservation). The Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity. They include a cluster of treaties protecting the Antarctic and so on. Three, Global Climate Change When referring to the global climate, one will mention the Greenhouse gases (GHGs), and the past several years had witnessed the on and on discharging of carbon dioxide, and significant quantities of other GHGs such as methane and nitrous oxide, all of these have altered the natural distribution of atmospheric gases that blanket the earth. According to the statistics, the atmospheric CO levels will increase to between 540 ppm to 970 ppm by2100, which is respectively 90% to 250% higher than the concentration in the late 1700s. Today’s CO concentration of approximately 370 ppm is about 95 ppm greater than the pre-industrial concentration. This could correspond to a mean global temperature increase from 1.4? to 5.8?,an increase range that is two to ten times larger than the central value of observed warming over the 20th century. And scientists predict that if the trend continues in the future, the global climate will be changed greatly that cannot be reversed, and will do harm t o not only the humans themselves, but also the plants and animals living on the earth, maybe one day what happened in the science fiction will come true. Then a cluster of remedies objectives have been set forth in the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Changes (UNFCCC), and the ultimate objective is to achieve â€Å"†¦stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would present dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. † The international legal responses to the threat of climate change or global warming are not only found in the UNFCCC, but also in the Tokyo protocol to the UNFCCC. On the basis of the UNFCCC and the Tokyo protocol, the authors discussed the substantive obligations, institutions and implementation, outstanding issues, and implications. 1, Substantive obligations. It is important not only for the developed countries but also the less-developed countries to cooperate together to solve the climate problems.2, Institutions and implementation. The authors specifically introduce how to implement the convention; they are conference of the parties, secretariat, subsidiary body for scientific and technological advice, subsidiary body for implementation, financial mechanism. 3, Outstanding issues. In this part, the authors quote the famous issues concerning the implementation, such as joint implementation, technology transfer and financing, adaptation, and costs?benefits. 4, Implications. The a uthors talked about the small problems involving the implementation, and give some suggestions. Four, Ozone Depletion Ozone is a shield to protect living organisms and humans on earth from exposing to a range of adverse consequences. However, research data has largely concluded that human activities are causing the ozone depletion. In order to restore the ozone shield and prevent the future enlarging of the ozone hole, it is necessary to prohibit the use of damaging chemicals. And legal responses to this include the Vienna Ozone Convention, the Montreal Protocol, adjustments and amendments, transfers, trade restrictions, technological and financial assistance, and the impact of the regime. There are abundant ideas in this part and this will help students to better understand the problem of the ozone depletion. Five, Antarctica Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, iciest, driest and highest major landmass on earth. The fifth largest continent in the world, Antarctica comprises around 9% of the earth’s continental crust and is approximately twice the size of Australia. However, only a tiny fraction of the continent itself is visible, as 98% of its 5.4 million square miles is buried beneath an immense sheet of ice. Antarctica means to humans not only the scientific and archeological importance but also the economic and political consequence. Unfortunately, over the last half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula region has grown warmer. Given that the 90% of the world’s ice located in Antarctica, were this ice to melt the sea level would rise some 200feet- dramatically impacting human and other forms of life across the entire planet. Considering the threat to the Antarctica, in 1959 the 12 claimant and nonclaimant states met to resolve the problem and eventually sighing a compromise treaty- the Antarctica Treaty. Within the 1959 Antarctica Treaty area, the 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctica Seals limits harvesting of three species of seals. And 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic marine living resources aims to conserve all living resources found south of the Antarctic Convergence. And 1988 Antarctic Mineral Resources Convention. 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol chose to create an environmental protocol to the 1959 treaty. Six, Toxic and Hazardous Substances Toxic and hazardous substances can cause significant damage in small, even minuscule, amounts. They are among the pollutants responsible for transboundary air and water pollution, as well as land-based pollution and dumping. About 95% of all hazardous pollutants are created by industries that generate four primary groups of toxic and hazardous chemicals. They are toxic metals, petrochemicals, pesticides and radioactive materials. Toxics often impact ecological food chains by bio-accumulating in the tissues of aquatic organisms and this does harm to the humans and living organisms deeply. Legal responses to the toxic and hazardous substances include toxic and hazardous substances in general, before 1998, no international treaty existed regarding the distribution and use of hazardous substances across all media. In the absence of such a treaty, the FAO and UNEP filled this gap with two sets of voluntary guidelines. After there is prior informed consent, such as 2002 FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides, 1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of information on Chemicals in International Trade, Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. In light of hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa, the International Convention on Li ability and Compensation for damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea. Seven, Land-based pollution At least 80% of all marine pollution comes from sources that are located on land, and it has loomed more problematic to the extent that urban growth has departed from principles of sustainable development, and environmental protection has been ignored or minimized by economic growth. In general, there are eight groups of pollutants that are deposited into the ocean from land-based sources: chemical nutrients, sewage and bacterial agents, oil, organic chemicals, metals, sediments and litter, radioactive substances, heat. Though land-based sources contribute the highest percentage of marine pollution, the international commitment to controlling these wastes remains understandably low. Only the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution from Land-based Sources, the Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. Eight, Vessel-based Pollution The transportation of crude oil or refined products results in the release of approximately 136,000 tons of petroleum per year into the oceans of the world. And this will cause harm not only to the sea itself but also the humans and the living organisms. International law has responded to the harms, the 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas In Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000. Nine, Dumping Many types of wastes that are difficult to dispose of on land have traditionally been dumped directly into oceans and rivers without regulation. This includes many hazardous materials, such as sewage, industrial effluents, sludges, radioactive wastes and polluted dredged spoils. Thus, to reduce the harm, international legal responses include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter. Ten, Conservation of Marine Living Resources The Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface and human depend on the oceans for their living, however, without protection, the oceans will not be capable for the future of the next generation, so, it is the time to protect the oceans. The legal responses to the protection of the Oceans include United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNEP regional seas programme, International Convention for the Regulation of Whalting. Eleven, Transboundary Air Pollution Human demands lead to a number of physical processes and activities that convert raw materials, energy, and labor into desired finished products. Diverse pollutants are introduced into the environment during various stages of these production and consumption cycles. In this part, the authors mention the famous case- 1941Trail Smelter Arbitration. This case has since become the basis for the general prohibition against transboundary environment harm that was definitely restated in the 1992 Rio Declaration: States have , in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Also, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution is the treaty that regulates the transboundary pollution. Twelve, Transboundary Water Pollution Waters cover the face of the earth. And we have seen that the environmental health of the oceans is critical to humanity. However, the healthy waters have become polluted because of human activities. Meantime, pollution introduces into rivers, watercourses, and coastal waters of one state can affect another through transport, diffusion or dispersion. International and Regional ways include Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and Lakes. And also the authors mention some famous cases on the transboundary water pollution, which become the rules for the future solving problems. Thirteen, Desertification Desertification refers to the process of climate change and human impacts that create desert environments in â€Å"drylands†- the arid, semi-arid, or dry sub-humid regions of the world. Human activities, driven by population growth, energy needs, and the lack of land have led to over-cultivation- the farming of land beyond its sustainable fertility. Desertification raises questions common to other international environmental problems, and must be addressed within the conceptual framework of sustainable development. In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and development adopted Agenda 21, a program for sustainable development, which recommended preventive measures for threatened or slightly degraded drylands and rehabilitative measures for moderately or severely degraded drylands. Fourteen, Nuclear Damage The military use of nuclear bombs can lead to unparalleled suffering, especially the radiation, radiation can cause destructive chemical changes, and when harmful radiation strikes human tissue, it strips electrons or neutrons of the molecules and atoms and thereby kills or damages human cells. And it has the power to destroy all civilization and the entire ecosystems of the planet. So, fear of such destruction has led the international community to seek way of containing and eliminating the nuclear threat from both military and civilian sources. To ban all together the nuclear weapons and find other ways to substitute for the civilian nuclear uses are the best method to control the nuclear damage, however, it is unreal to realize this, so the authors discuss the international way concerning the protection from the nuclear damage. The last part of this book mainly talks on the future of the international environmental law, although the international community has done much concerning the protection of our environment, the road ahead still in the twists and turns. International Environmental Law in a Nutshell is a very useful book that not only for the students, who study the IEL, but also the handbook to the teachers and students who have well known the IEL. Research Papers on On International Environmental Law - Book SummaryPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

What are four dimensions of social responsibilityWhat impact do they Essay

What are four dimensions of social responsibilityWhat impact do they have on marketing decisions - Essay Example to economic development while improving the quality of life of the work force and their family as well as the community and society at large†Ã‚  (cited in Sims, 2003). Again, Wartick and Cochran frames CSR as â€Å"a business organization’s configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firm’s societal relationships†(Wartick and Cochran, 1985). CSR is however the most aptly defined by the World Business Council as â€Å"The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large† (Holme and Watts, The World Business Council for Sustainable Development). One idea comes out very clearly from the above definitions, and that is, CSR is a duty to be performed by corporations towards all its stakeholders, and not simply the shareholders. CSR can be divided into 4 basic dimensions. These are The four afore-mentioned dimensions form the pyramid of social responsibilities, and are referred to as the Carroll’s CSR pyramid. As Carroll himself frames it â€Å"corporate social responsibility involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding, ethical and socially supportive. To be socially responsible then means that profitability and obedience to the law are foremost conditions when discussing the firm’s ethics and the extent to which it supports the society in which it exists with contributions of money, time and talent† (Carroll, 1983, p.608). At the very base is the economic dimension that forms the foundation for all the other aspects. Next, above the economic dimension, comes the legal aspect, where the mantra is to follow and play strictly by the rules of the game. The law clearly demarcates what is right and what is wrong, and the legal dimension simply

Self Cleaning Toilet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Cleaning Toilet - Essay Example My target market will include homes and public places where at homes, this product will facilitate old age people, working men and women, and children; and also, this product will be used in schools and colleges, offices, parks, and shopping areas. The main intention before the usage of this product will be the saving of time and energy in using toilets. Since old age people and children are too feeble to clean the toilet after using it and working people and students are also running short of time, hence this product is especially designed for them. Public places also need them since people often do not consider cleaning the toilets themselves properly after using them. Public places need to be hygienically cleaned which this product very efficiently ensures because the cleaning cycle is nearly of forty seconds which includes the flush, the cleaning of bowl and seat, and disinfecting and drying of the floor. My Marketing Approach I would mainly use the brochure marketing approach. M y color brochures will actually be a guide for the readers that would tell them the usefulness of the automated toilets and how they are going to save them time and energy.