The Greenhouse Effect Essays - Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

The Greenhouse Effect Essays - Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is an increase in the atmospheric temperature caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. These gases act as a heat blanket insulating the Earth's surface absorbing and trapping heat radiation which normally escapes from the earth. They include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC's, and other halocarbons. The earth's atmosphere goes through two processes constantly. Global cooling is the first process. This process uses the clouds which cover 60% of the earth's surface to reflect 30% of the solar radiation. It also uses a sulfate haze, which is formed by sulfur dioxide from industrial sources that enter the atmosphere and react with compounds to form a high-level aerosol. These cool the atmosphere by blocking us from direct contact with the sun. The reflection of the sunlight is referred to as planetary albedo and contributes to the overall cooling. The second is the warming process. This is when light energy comes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth and transformed to heat energy at the planet's surface. The infrared heat energy then radiates upward into space. There the greenhouse gases found naturally in the troposphere absorb some of the infrared radiation. The gases insulate the Earth, but do eventually allow the heat to escape. Without these greenhouse gases the earth would be would 33 C colder. Global temperature is a balance of the effects of the factors leading to global cooling, and warming. Unfortunately, increased emissions of greenhouse gases increase the warming process. For example, every kilogram of fossil fuels burned equals 3 kilograms of carbon dioxide ( the mass triples because each carbon atom in fuel bond to two oxygen atoms, in the course of burning, and forms C02. ) 6 billion tons of fossil fuel carbon are burned each year adding 18 billion tons of C02 to the atmosphere. This has increase the carbon dioxide concentrations by 25% and has cause temperatures to increase more than 0.7 C over the last hundred years. We hope that the forests will act as a sink for carbon dioxide but instead they are a net source. This is because the forests are being cut and burned adding 1 to 2 billion tons annually to the 6 billion tons of carbon already from industrial processes. Fortunately, the top 300 meters of oceans absorb most of the carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels. Other factors are known to increase the greenhouse effect. These factor are water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC's and other halocarbons. Water vapor is also a major factor in what has been called the "supergreenhouse effect" in the tropical Pacific ocean. Water vapor traps energy that has been radiated back to the atmosphere. The high concentration of H2O vapor contributes significantly to the heating of the ocean surface and lower atmosphere in the tropical Pacific. Methane (CH4) is a product of microbial fermentative reactions and is also emitted from coal mines, gas pipelines, and oil wells. Methane is gradually destroyed, but it is added to the atmosphere faster than it can be broken down. Nitrous oxide (N2O) can be found in biomass burning, chemical fertilizers, and fossil fuel burning. Nitrous oxide is more dangerous than some of the others because of its long residence time of 170 years. CFC's and other halocarbons are found in refrigerants, solvents, and fire retardants. Halocarbons have a greater capacity, 10 000 times, for absorbing infrared radiation, which is about 60% more, than CO2. Although there is increase in the application of some of these gases, they will decrease in importance in the future leaving carbon dioxide as the primary dilemma. In 1981, James Hansen of NASA invented a model with an ability to track known temperature changes and link them to past and future carbon dioxide levels as well as global temperature changes. The model suggested the combination of CO2 and volcanic emissions was responsible for most of the observed changes in temperature during the 1980's. A trend of warming of more than 0.7 C coincides with an increase of 25% in carbon dioxide. Two major impacts of greenhouse effect are regional climatic changes and a rise in sea levels. A climactic change will lead to variations in temperature. Scientists expect more precipitation which may prove to be disastrous for North America by flooding rivers and lakes. A rise in the sea levels is anticipated because of an increase in thermal expansion and the melting of ice caps and ice fields. Like extensive rainfalls, a rise in the ocean will flood lakes and rivers covering land and may someday

How to Write a Horror Story 7 Tips for Writing Horror

How to Write a Horror Story 7 Tips for Writing Horror How to Write a Horror Story: 7 Tips for Writing Horror In our era of highly commercialized crime and thriller novels, it may seem like zeitgeist-defining horror books are a thing of the past. Indeed, Stephen King was once the perennial bestselling author in the world, and children in the 90s devoured Goosebumps books like The Blob devoured, well, everything.But let’s not forget there’s a huge base of horror fans today, desperate for their next fix. So if you’re hoping to become the next Crown Prince of Dread, your dream can still come true! And the first step is learning how to write a horror story. 7 key tips to writing a blood-chilling horror story 😠± 1. Tap into common fearsThe most important part of any horror story is naturally going to be its fear factor. People don’t read horror for easy entertainment; they read it to be titillated and terrorized. That said, here are a few elements you can use to seriously scare the pants off your reader.Instinctive fearsFears that have some sort of logical or biological foundation are often the most potent in horror. Darkness, heights, snakes, and spiders - all these are extremely common phobias rooted in instinct. As a result, they tend to be very effective at frightening readers.This is especially true when terror befalls innocent characters apropos of nothing: a killer traps them in their house for no apparent reason, or they’re suddenly mugged by a stranger with a revolver. As horror writer Karen Woodward says, â€Å"The beating undead heart of horror is the knowledge that bad things happen to good people.†Monsters and supernatural entitiesThese stretch beyond the r ealm of logic and into the realm of the â€Å"uncanny,† as Freud called it. We all know that vampires, werewolves, and ghosts aren’t real, but that doesn’t mean they can’t shake us to our core. In fact, it’s the very uncertainty they arouse that makes them so sinister: what if monsters are really out there, we’ve just never seen them? This fear is one of the most prevalent in horror, but if you decide to write in this vein, your story has to be pretty convincing.Societal tensionsAnother great means of scaring people is to tap into societal tensions and concerns - a tactic especially prevalent in horror movies. Just in recent memory, Get Out tackles the idea of underlying racism in modern America, The Babadook examines mental health, and It Follows is about the stigma of casual sex. However, societal tensions can also easily be embodied in the pages of a horror story, as in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery. Have you ever tried writing horror? Did you manage to scare yourself? Tell us in the comments!

Case Beverly Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Beverly Inc - Essay Example The expansion plan involves the opening of three new stores each year in the next three years. Consequently, the company sought to borrow a loan in order to finance the expansion plan. The maximum amount accepted by the financier is $ 100 million. On that note, the cash inflows and cash outflows originating from receipt of the cash proceeds of the loan and payments of interest and the principal amount should be presented as financing activities. That is, the monetary value of these transactions should be recorded as financing activities of the company because it is a long-term credit (ASC-230 3-4). The company drew a portion in two instances, on the facility. It is provided that on July 15, 2010, the company drew $ 60 million on the facility; on August 30, 2010, the company drew an additional $ 40 million on the facility; and on September 30, 2010, the company paid down the draws by $ 50 million. All these transactions should be recorded based on their net values (ASC-230 8-9). The warehouse damaged by the Hurricane is considered as one of the company’s assets. The purchase of an insurance policy necessitates the payment of an annual premium. The value of the premium is estimated based on the degree of the risk covered. Insurance claims are paid to cover for damages and losses caused to a company’s assets. Therefore, the $ 15 million reimbursement to Beverly should be classified under the investment activities of the company. The classification is based on the fact that the premium payments are invested in an insurance company in order to indemnify the insured in case of a loss (ASC-230 5-6). This section contains a comparison of the accounting practices regulating the presentation of the cash flow statement as stipulated in IFRS and GAAP. First, the IAS and IFRS 5 regulate the presentation of financial statement under IFRS. On the other hand, the presentation of a similar financial statement under U.S GAAP is guided by the accounting

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly - Essay Example The entire functioning in the supermarket is looked after by the Commission. Although the commission tries to disrupt the impacts of oligopoly, there is evidence that there is prevalence of oligopoly in the UK supermarket sector. This is because the supermarket sector in the UK is predominantly operated by a few firms, i.e. Tesco, Sainsbury’s and ASDA. The rapidity of the deliberation with regards to oligopolies concern has gained acceleration during the past five years. The supermarket sector in the UK falls under the category of grocery market that had accounted for a total market share worth  £146.3 billion in the year 2008. Supermarket sector is the largest sector among all other sectors under the grocery market in the UK and it accounted for a total of 73 percent of the sales in grocery market. In the UK grocery market, the three biggest chains are Tesco, ASDA and Sainsbury’s that accounted for a share of 67.9 percent (Li, 2008). In this research paper, the UK supermarket sector will be analysed with reference to the performance of the three giants in the market. The belief that the supermarket in the UK is dominated by oligopoly will be critically evaluated in this research paper. ... The most important characteristics of an oligopoly market are existence of a few firms, high barriers to entry or stiff competition and earning of high or above-normal profit. 2.1 Firms in the UK Supermarket It has already been mentioned earlier that the UK supermarket’s four biggest chains are the Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons. The share of these chains in total accounts to 67.9% of the grocery market. This data explains that more than half of the market share belongs to these chains and thus resembles the scenario of an oligopoly market. The data about the operational efficiencies of the three topmost chains will support the fact that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly. 2.1.1 Market Share and Performance of Tesco in the UK Market Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world and is the topmost in the UK; and at present it is observing a steady recovery in the consumer market segment in the UK. The expectation is supported by the sales figure during the period September-November, 2010. The market share of Tesco had grown up to 30.7 percent during the year 2010. According to the article published in Bloomberg Business week, the sales that boosted up during the period of Christmas last year had been initiated by the shift in the preference of consumers to products with better quality. The performance of Tesco in the UK market provides evidences of dominance in the supermarket sector (Shannon, 2010). 2.1.2 Market Share and Performance of ASDA in the UK Market ASDA, with a market share of 16.8 percent is the second largest operator in the UK supermarket sector. Although its performance level declined as it faced competition from its rival

Describe how Alfred Noyes in The Highwayman creates a stereotypical Ess

Describe how Alfred Noyes in The Highwayman creates a stereotypical melodramatic atmosphere of romance, treachery, heroism and death (Literature: Response to pre 1900 poetry. Assignment: Describe how Alfred Noyes in "The Highwayman" creates a stereotypical melodramatic atmosphere of romance, treachery, heroism and death (Literature: Response to pre 1900 poetry. Objectives 1, 2, 3). Alfred Noyes was born in 1880. The Welsh coast and mountains where he grew up were an early inspiration for his work. Noyes started writing poetry in the early 1900's, his most popular yet is "The Highwayman", a touching story of love, tragedy and jealousy in which two lovers are parted by death. It is a beautiful romantic poem, where the words flow like silk and from the first line you are entranced. He is one of the few contemporary poets who have been fortunate enough to write a kind of poetry that is not only saleable but popular with many classes of people. "The Highwayman" is indeed stereotypical in its representation of a fairytale romance which comes to life in the dark of night. Noyes creates an exciting secret love affair between a traditionally unlikely couple. This forbidden relationship makes the plot more intense, drawing the reader in. Noyes uses stereotypical characters who's roles are instantly recognisable as either good or evil. Bess, a landlord's daughter and the love object of the poem is typically beautiful and desirable. She is "Red-lipped" with "long black hair" which is described as a "cascade of perfume". The highway man is also particularly stereotypical because he is handsome, charming and brave. A heroic gentleman, he is perfect in both appearance and manner. His boots are fitted with "neve... ...ir fate. Bess is "Black-eyed" and "plaits a dark red love-knot into her long black hair" whilst the highwayman always rides during the darkest hours. Another sign that both lovers will die is the phrase "There was death at every window". The "purple moor" and the "red-coat troop" are symbols of blood which is often associated with death. Although 'The Highwayman' is very stereotypical there are some factors which oppose this view. For example Bess is not portrayed as a feeble woman waiting to be saved. She takes matters into her own hands and acts very heroically to save her lover. It is also important to recognise that the use of the colours black and white are reversed. Instead of white symbolising goodness and purity it is used to describe Tim's evil face. On the other hand, Bess, the heroin and innocent character is associated with the colour black.

Ralph Jack in the Lord of the Flies and Jekyll and Hyde in the novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

‘Lord of the flies’ and ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ both deal with the good and evil sides of man, even though Golding and Stevenson wrote their books in different historical periods. The novels are both dealing in the same theme. The authors use their characters to represent the struggle between good and evil. Golding uses a group of boys to show the divide of good and evil, while Stevenson used the good and evil within one person. As these authors use their characters to represent this struggle. It is important to see how they develop through the novel. Ralph in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is presented as a middle class boy at the beginning of the novel. Golding describes him as ‘the boy with the fair hair’, which is a symbol of a good person. The author describes how Ralph climbs easily through the undergrowth, which is contrasted with the way in which Piggy ‘clambers’ through it. The author has put Ralph and Piggy together because they are different in both mind and body. Together they will both make a whole good person. Ralph is tall, fit, good-looking and fair-haired. Ralph has a good background with his father being in the navy. This suggests that Ralph was brought up in a good way, so he should know the difference between right and wrong. This is a stereotypical good person, but Ralph is not a thinker. Ralph does do some bad things. He betrays Piggys name by telling all the other children what Piggys name was, when Piggy told him not to. Piggy is a short, plump; he wears glasses and is an orphan. Jack Merridew from ‘Lord of the Flies’ is first seen marching with his choir. The choir is described as a dark primitive being. Jack has a red hair, which suggests that he has an uncontrollable anger. He speaks to the choir in a military way. He talks down to them and ignores Simon when he faints. This shows that he has authority over the choir and he is insensitive towards other people’s weaknesses. Altogether I can see that he is hard, unsympathetic, cruel and possible a bully. The first time we see Dr Jekyll in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is at a dinner party. He is seen as a cheerful and confident man. He is wealthy and respected chemist. Stevenson describes him as ‘a large, well made, smooth faced man’. When Utterson mentions Mr Hyde he wants it to be a secret between himself an Utterson. He also does not want to talk about it. Stevenson gives Mr Utterson the role of narrator. This is because he wants part of the story to be missing (to allow the audience to be left guessing). Dr Jekyll is described through the eyes of Utterson and this could be bias because Utterson is a friend of Dr Jekyll. Mr Hyde is described for the first time in a story. In this story he collides with, knocks down and tramples a little girl. Hyde’s reaction is described as ‘hellish’. When other people arrive he brings out the worst in them. Even the doctor wants to kill him. When Hyde id threatened by scandal he aggress to pay compensation. He writes a check out at Dr Jekylls house with Jekylls signature. Utterson thinks he his blackmailing Jekyll. In both novels the evil gets and takes the chance to dominate. Jack and Mr Hyde both show their more primitive side. An example of Jacks primitive side is when he hunts for pigs. He is described as ‘dog-like on all fours’ and sniffing the humid earth. This suggests that he is more like a cave man, than a civilised human being. Mr Hyde on the other hand murders Carew. In the chapter ‘search for Mr Hyde’, Utterson describes Mr Hyde as ‘trodlodytic’, ‘Dwarfish’ and ‘hardly human’. This also suggests that Mr Hyde is more like primitive man. Further backing this up, he takes a ‘hissing intake of breath’, which is what a frightened animal would do. Both authors are saying that the primitive side of man will dominate if it has the chance. Darkness, which represents evil, and people are scared at night. Darkness is a big theme in both of the novels. Jack does his hunting in the forest, which is described from the beginning of the novel as a dark place by Golding. When Jack steels Piggys glasses he uses darkness as his cover. Simon gets killed in a frenzied attack, which happens at night. Mr Hyde is mostly seen at night. His home in So-ho is seen through a curtain of ‘swirling fog’. All of this information leads you to think that these people should be associated with darkness and evil. The novels are reflecting events in the authors’ lives. In Golding’s time an example of how evil can flourish without people doing anything is the concentration camps of WWII. Stevenson is writing about the hypocrisy in Victorian England. Many men went to prostitutes and then they promoted family values. Ralph and Dr Jekyll are the respected ‘civilised’ people in the two novels. Ralph is middle classed; you can see this when he talks about his father as ‘daddy’. Ralph is sensible and wants to rule democratically by using the conch and lets everyone have a vote. He has sensible ideas, to stay alive and get rescued, like the fire and shelters. Dr Jekyll is also middle class. He is a respected chemist. The painting, which he gave Mr Hyde, shows that Dr Jekyll is cultured. The ‘pleasurable dinner parties’ he gave showed he was a confident and cheerful. Both of these characters try to take control early in both novels yet they are not successful. Even though both of these characters are ‘civilised’ they are not perfect. Ralph was rude to Piggy and disrespected his wishes. Ralph also took part in the killing of Simon, which shows that even he can be evil. Dr Jekyll also not perfect. He already leads a double life. Hyde grew from Dr Jekyll. Dr Jekyll did things he was ashamed of. He ‘already committed to a profound duplicity of life’. At the end of the novels order if restored and the civilised side of man takes over again. In ‘Lord of the Flies’ order is restored by the arrival of the navy officer. When the navy officer arrives so do rules and order. This is what the navy and more importantly adults’ represent. At the end of the ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Dr Jekyll has to die for the evil of Mr Hyde to die. Mr Hyde kills himself. I think this was because he gains the knowledge of what he has done. He gains a conscience, which drives him to kill himself. I feel that ‘Lord of the Flies’ is more depressing view of human nature because it deals with children which are meant to be innocent and not capable of killing. It also deals with more than one person, which shows that it could happen to everyone.

The City Of A Small Town Is Better Than Living At A Big...

Last August, I took a trip with the youth group from my church to Washington, D.C. to visit the church there in our congregation. While I was there for seven days, I found many things there that were much better in the large city, and other things very odd. Going out in the city and finding out these things were very interesting to me since I live in a small town Kalona, Iowa, with a population around three-thousand people. After experiencing both, I can definitely say that both have their benefits and disadvantages. Personally, I still feel that living in a small town is better than living in a big city. In the big city, there are many things that are different, but the most obvious one is the sights. There is lots of tall buildings and streets connecting everywhere. Millions of people walking in every which way to do their own agendas. One thing that is evident while sight seeing is the amount of pollution. Trash and litter surrounded you almost everywhere you went, including the s treets, curbs, water, grass, sidewalks, and even some buildings. As we walked around the monuments, one could see trash and pollution in the ponds surrounding our nation s famous monuments. It was surprising to me more people didn’t want to keep them looking nice. Similarly, the small town of Kalona does have litter, but not nearly as much as the city. However, the city has much more people than a small town, so this is logical of the amount of pollution. In addition to the realization of theShow MoreRelatedLiving in a big city or small town. Where would you prefer to live?1524 Words   |  7 Pagesin a small town whilst others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would I prefer to live in? Living in big cities or small towns both have advantages and disadvantages to their location. People’s living preferences vary for many reasons such as age, profession and interests. 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He believes it came with benefits but along with pros come cons, sometimes seemingly out weighing the pros. When moving from free small roaming towns to huge heavy populated cities, people no longer have the tight knit bonds that were formed in their small towns. So what does this mean; he asks the reader? He believes this really movesRead MoreCity Living vs Country Living Essay example1292 Words   |  6 PagesCity Living versus Country Living Many families and individuals find themselves at some point questioning the advantages of city living versus country living. It is nearly impossible to find a good answer to this question. What is good for one person might not be good for another. Some people enjoy the busy, hyper active metropolitan city where they can use all amenities and have unlimited opportunities for work and leisure. 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Whether or not this is correct is irrelevant because children will do it regardless. Teens especially will do a lot to become an adult and feel like they can be independent. Moving out of the small town they grew up in, buying brands that advertise the